UNIT 1

TCP/IP PROTOCOL
NETWORKS
SUITE,
TOPOLOGY
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL
SUITE
• Designed and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in
1960s and is based on standard protocols.
• The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.
• The TCP/IP model consists of five layers
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Host to Network layer/ Physical and Datalink Layer
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
CONTD..
TCP/IP VS OSI
MODEL
 HOST TO NETWORK
LAYER (PHYSICAL AND
LA YER
DATALINK
• Host to network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
)
• It is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer
defined in the OSI reference model.
• Protocols present in this layer allows for physical transmission
of data.
• This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the
data between two devices on the same network.
• Protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI,
X.25, frame relay.
 INTERNET
LAYER
• An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.
• An internet layer is also known as the network layer.
• It defines the protocols which are responsible for logical
transmission of data over the entire network.
• Protocols used in this layer are
• IP - Internet Protocol
• ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol.
• ARP – Address Resolution Protocol.
 INTERNET LAYER
CONTD..
• IP - Internet Protocol
• Responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the
destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers.
• IP has 2 versions: IPv4 and IPv6.

• ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol

• It is encapsulated within IP datagrams and is responsible for providing hosts
with information about network problems.

• ARP – Address Resolution Protocol

• Used to find the physicaladdress from the IP address
 TRANSPORT
LAYER
• The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control,
and correction of data which is being sent over the network.
• The two protocols used in the transport layer are User
Datagram protocol and Transmission control protocol.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• It provides connectionlessservice and end-to-end delivery of transmission.
• It is an unreliable protocol as it discovers the errors but not specify the error.
• User Datagram Protocol discovers the error, and ICMP protocol reports the error
to the sender thatuser datagram has been damaged.
 TRANSPORT LAYER
CONTD..
• Transmission Control Protocol:(TCP)
• It is a Connection Oriented Protocol -A connection must be established
between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data.
• TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and retransmits the
damaged frames.
• Therefore, it ensures all the segments must be received and
acknowledged.
• At the sending end, TCP divides the whole message into smaller units known
as
segment
• each segment contains a sequence number which is required for
reordering the frames to form an original message.
• At the receiving end, TCP collects all the segments and reorders them based on
sequence numbers.
 APPLICATION
LAYER
• An application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.
• It is responsible for handling high-level protocols
• This layer allows the user to interact with the application.
• When one application layer protocol wants to communicate with
another application layer, it forwards its data to the transport
layer.
• Example: Web browser using HTTP protocol to interact with
the network where HTTP protocol is an application layer
protocol.
 APPLICATION LAYER
CONTD.
• Protocols used in thislayer are
• HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol.
• access the data over the world wide web
• SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol.
• framework used for managing the devices on the internet
• SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol.
• supports the e-mail
• DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System.
• Converts Domain name into IP address
• TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal
Network.
• Establishes the connection between
the local computer and remote
computer
• FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
• Transmitting the files from one
computer to another computer.
NETWORKS
TOPOLOGY
• Topology defines the structure of the network of how
all the components are interconnected to each other.
 BUS
TOPOLOGY
• Bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
• Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable
or
directly connected to the backbone cable.
• When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a
message
over the network.
• All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it
has been addressed or not.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
CONTD.
• It is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4
standard networks.
• The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as
compared to other topologies.
• The most common access method of the bus
topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).
• CSMA- media access control used to control the data flow so
that data integrity is maintained, i.e., the packets do not get lost.
BUS
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF BUS
TOPOLOGY
• It iscost effective.
• Less number of Cable required when compared to
other network topology.
• Used in small networks.
• Easy to expand by joining two cables together.
 DISADVANTAGES OF BUS
TOPOLOGY
• Cablesfails then whole network fails.
• If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more,
the performance of the network decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
• It is slower than the ring topology.
 RING
TOPOLOGY
• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected
ends.
• The nodethat receives the message from the
previous computer will retransmit to the next node.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data flows in a single loop continuously known as
an
endless loop.
 RING TOPOLOGY
CONTD.
• It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected
to other node and having no termination point.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise
direction.
• The most common access method of the ring topology is
token passing.
• Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is
passed from onenode to another node.
• Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.
RING
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF RING
TOPOLOGY
• The possibility of collision is minimum in this type
of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RING
TOPOLOGY

• Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.

• Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the
network activity.
• Failure of onecomputer disturbs the whole network.
 STAR
TOPOLOGY
• Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node
is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
• Thecentralcomputer isknown as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
• Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
• Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a
physical star topology.
• Star topology is the most popular topology in network
implementation.
STAR
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network

traffic.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
• Easy to setup and modify.
• Only failed node suffers, rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.
 DISADVANTAGES OF STAR
TOPOLOGY

• Cost of installation is high.

• Expensive to use.
• If the hubfails then the whole network is stopped because
all the nodes depend on the hub.
 TREE
TOPOLOGY
• Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus
topology and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers
are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology isknown as a root node,
and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node.
• There is only one path exists between two nodes for the
data transmission.
• Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
TREE
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF TREE
TOPOLOGY
• Extension of bus and star topologies.
• Expansion of nodesis possible and
easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.
DISADVANTAGES OF TREE
TOPOLOGY

• Heavily cabled.
• Costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance is
difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.
 MESH
TOPOLOGY
• Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which
computers are interconnected with each other through
various redundant connections.
• There are multiple paths from onecomputer to another
computer.
• It does not contain the switch, hub or any central
computer
which acts as a central point of communication.
• The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
 MESH TOPOLOGY
CONTD.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for WA N implementations
where communication failures are a critical concern.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
• Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
• Where n is the number of nodes that represents the
network.
MESH
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• Each connection can carry its own data

load.
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Provides security and privacy.
DISADVANTAGES OF MESH
TOPOLOGY

• Installation and configuration is

difficult.
• Cabling costis more.
• Bulk wiring is required.
 HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
• When two or more different topologies are combined
together is termed as Hybrid topology
• if similar topologies connected with each other will not result in
Hybrid topology.

• For example,
• if there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bankand
bus topology in another branch of ICICI bank,connectingthese
two topologies willresult in Hybrid topology.
HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
• Reliable because Error detecting and trouble shooting
is easy.
• Effective.
• Scalable as size can beincreased easily.
• Flexible.
DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID
TOPOLOGY

• Complex in
design.
• Costly.
THANK
YOU