Chapter 03

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 Chapter 3
Cell Structures and Their
Functions
Topic 1: CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Organisms are composed of cells which are referred

to as the basic living human unit. Despite its small
size, cells in the human body differ from one another
not only with structural characteristics but also with
the function they perform.

Each of these cells are highly organized and contain

in them various specialized structure called
organelles.
Even when the diversity in the types of cells, there are 4
main functions that they commonly share:
1. Cell metabolism and energy use. This is due to the
chemical reactions occurring within each cell, resulting
in energy and heat production for the maintenance of or
body’s daily workload.
2. Synthesis of Molecules. These molecules like protein,
nucleic acid, and lipids are produced to sustain our
everyday function.
3. Communication. Cells produce and even receive both
chemical and electrical signals which allow then to
communicate with one another.
4. Reproduction and inheritance. Cells carry in then
genetic information which can be transferred from the
sperm and egg to the next generation.
 Cell Structure
• Organelles (Little Organs):
- specialized structures in cells that perform
specific functions
- Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

• Cytoplasm:
jelly-like substance that holds organelles

5
Generalized Cell
 Cell Membrane
• What is it?
outermost component of a cell

• Functions:
- selective barrier
- encloses cytoplasm

• Extracellular: material outside cell

• Intracellular: material inside cell
7
 Structure of Cell Membrane
• Called Fluid Mosaic Model
• Made of phospholipids and proteins
• Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
• Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and
nonpolar

8
 Structure of Cell Membrane (2)
• Polar regions:
- “heads”
- hydrophilic (H2O loving)
- exposed to H2O

• Nonpolar regions:
- “tails”
- hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
- away from H2O
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Phospholipids
Figure 2.14b

10
Cell Membrane
Figure 3.2a
Organelles and Their Locations and Functions
Table 3.1

12
 Cell Structures
• Cytoplasm
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles
in place
• Nucleus
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some
point
Function: houses DNA
13
Nucleus
 Nucleus (2)

• Nuclear envelope:
Location: edge of nucleus

• Nuclear pores:
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of
nucleus
15
Nucleus (3)
 Nucleus (4)
• Chromosome:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup

• Chromatin:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes
17
Structure of a
Chromosome
 Nucleus (5)
• Nucleolus
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

• Ribosome
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce proteins

19
Production of Ribosomes
 Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with ribosomes attached
Function: site of protein synthesis

• SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with no ribosomes
Function: site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol)

21
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus

• Golgi apparatus
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: closely, packed stacks of
membranes
Function: collect, sort, package, and distribute
proteins and lipids

• Secretory vesicle
Location: cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials out of cell 23
Golgi Apparatus
 Lysosomes and Mitochondria

• Lysosome
Location: cytoplasm
Function: enzymes that digest foreign material

• Mitochondria
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: contains folds (cristae)
Function: produces ATP
25
Action of Lysosomes
Mitochondrion
 Cilia and Flagella

• Cilia
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: many per cell
Function: move materials across cell’s surface

• Flagella
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: 1 per cell
Function: move cell, Ex. sperm 28
 Microvilli
• Microvilli
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: shorter than cilia
Function: increase surface area

29
 Cytoskeleton
• What is it?
- cell’s framework
- made of proteins

• Functions:
- provide support
- hold organelles in place
- enable cell to change shape
30
 Types of Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules:
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
• Intermediate filaments:
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape
• Microfilaments:
- smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement
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Cytoskeleton (2)
Centriole
Topic 2: Movement through Cell Membrane

• Cell membrane selectively determines what

can pass in and out of the cell.

• Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found

in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell.

• Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in

higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell.

34
Different Type of Movements in and out of the Cell
1. Diffusion (Passive transport)
- movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

2. Osmosis (Passive Transport)

- diffusion of water across a cell membrane

3. Facilitated Diffusion
- diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP

4. Active Transport
- moves substances from low to high conc.
- requires ATP
- Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
5. Endocytosis
process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
2 types
- Phagocytosis:
cell eating (solid particles)
- Pinocytosis:
cell drinking (liquid particles)

6. Exocytosis
- process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles
 Diffusion
• What is it?
movement of molecules from areas of high to low
concentration
• Solution:
solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
• Solute:
substance added to solvent that dissolves
• Solvent:
substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Ex. Add salt to H2O. H2O =solvent, salt=solute,

mixture=solution 37
Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane
Leak and Gated Membrane Channels
Diffusion (2)
 Osmosis
• What is it?
diffusion of water across a cell membrane

• Osmotic pressure:
force required to prevent movement of water
across cell membrane

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 Types of Osmotic Solutions
• Hypotonic solution:
- lower conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. of H2O outside cell
- H2O moves into cell
- lysis (burst)

• Hypertonic solution:
- higher conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. H2O inside cell
- H2O moves out
- crenation (shrinks)

• Isotonic solution:
- equal concentration of solutes
- water doesn’t move
- cell remains intact 42
Effects of Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic
Solutions on Red Blood Cells.
 Mediated Transport Mechanisms
• Facilitated diffusion:
- diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP

• Active transport:
- moves substances from low to high conc.
- requires ATP
- Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
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Facilitated
Diffusion
 Active
Transport:
Sodium-
Potassium
Pump
Active Transport: Sodium-Potassium Pump (2)
 Endocytosis
• What is it?
process that brings materials into cell using
vesicles
• 2 types
- Phagocytosis:
cell eating (solid particles)
- Pinocytosis:
cell drinking (liquid particles)
48
 Exocytosis
• What is it?
process that carries materials out of cell using
vesicles

49
Exocytosis
Exocytosis (2)
 Topic 3: Cellular Activity

After going through the different organelles and how

substances move in and out of the cell, you will now
understand how the human body (composed of trillions
of cells) begins from a single cell.

Gene expression directs protein synthesis from the

information contained in a DNA which involves 2 steps.
a. Transcription
b. Translation

52
 DNA
• What is it?
- double helix in nucleus
- composed of nucleotides
- contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose,
nitrogen base, phosphate

53
During Transcription which takes place in the
nucleus, the cell makes a copy of the gene called
messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA travels
from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm with the help of transfer RNAs (tRNA).

Translation now happens in the ribosome as

codons from mRNAs are paired with anticodons
from tRNAs producing polypeptide chains of
protein.
 Transcription
• What is it?
- process by which DNA is “read”
- occurs in ribosomes
- produces mRNA (messenger RNA)
- mRNA contains codons
- codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code
for a particular amino acid

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Formation of
mRNA by
Transcription
of DNA
Nucleotide Pairs:
Cytosine = Guanine
Thymine = Adenine
Uracil = Adenine
DNA Replication

Cytosine = Guanine
Thymine = Adenine
 Translation
• What is it?
- process by mRNA is converted into amino
acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- codons pair with anticodons
- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by
tRNA

58
Translation of
mRNA to
Produce a
Protein
 Topic 4: Cell Division
• What is it?
- formation of 2 daughter cells from a single
parent cell
- uses mitosis and meiosis
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains
46 chromosomes (diploid)
- sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes

60
Mitosis
- Forms new cells necessary for growth and tissue
repair
- cell division that occurs in all cells except sex
cells
- forms 2 daughter cells

Meiosis
- Are for sex cells only.
 Stages in Mitosis
1. Interphase:
- time between cell divisions
- DNA is in strands (chromatin)
- DNA replication occurs
2. Prophase:
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- centrioles move to opposite ends

62
 Stages in Mitosis (2)
3. Metaphase:
chromosomes align
4. Anaphase:
- chromatids separate to form 2 sets of
chromosomes
- chromosomes move towards centrioles
5. Telophase:
- chromosomes disperse
- nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
- cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells 63
Cell Life Cycle