GLOBAL

WARMING
WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING
 Although the term “global warming” and “climate change” are often used
interchangeably, they apply to different phenomena.

 It refers specifically to the effect of greenhouse gases on Earth’s average surface

temperature. Climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of
climate over a long period of time, including precipitation, temperature, and wind
patterns.

 Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants
collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have
bounced off the earth’s surface.

 The term global warming first appeared in geochemist Wallace Broecker's 1975
Science magazine article, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a
Joseph
Fourier
• French mathematician and physicist.
• The first to discover that the Earth’s atmosphere functions to
retain the sun’s heat.
• He is also generally credited with the discovery of the
greenhouse effect.
John Tyndall
• Irish physicist, commonly credited with discovering the
greenhouse effect.
• Starting in 1859, he published a series of studies on the way
greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide trapped heat in the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Milutin
Milanković
• Serbian astrophysicist who also identified the long-term climate
effects of natural fluctuations in Earth’s orbit as well as the tilt
and procession of its axis.
 01
LAWS RELATED
TO GLOBAL
WARMING
 Climate Change Act (RA 9729)
SALIENT
FEATURES:
1 MAINSTREAMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE INTO GOVERNMENT
POLICY FORMULATION
2 CREATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSION

3 FORMULATION OF FRAMEWORK STRATEGY AND

PROGRAM ON CLIMATE CHANGE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION
4 PLAN (NCCAP)

5 ESTABLISHMENT OF PEOPLE’S SURVIVAL FUND (PSF)

 The People's Survival Fund Act (RA 10174)
SALIENT
FEATURES:
ESTABLISHING THE PEOPLE’S SURVIVAL FUND (PSF) TO
1 PROVIDE LONG-TERM FINANCE STREAMS TO ENABLE
THE GOVERNMENT TO EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS THE
PROBLEM OF CLIMATE CHANGE, AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729
 National Environmental Awareness and Education Act (RA
9512)
SALIENT
FEATURES:

1 PROMOTE NATIONAL AWARENESS OF THE ROLE OF NATURAL

RESOURCES IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE IMPORTANCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL
BALANCE TOWARDS SUSTAINED NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
 02
RESEARCH
STUDY
 “Global Warming of
1.5°C”
Published by: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 Where are we?
Since pre-industrial times, human activities
have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming

Consequences are already seen or experienced by people,

nature, and livelihoods.

If no mitigations are done, at current rate, it would

reach 1.5°C around 2030 and 2050.
 Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C
(likely between 0.8°C and 1.2°C) above pre-industrial
levels in 2017, increasing at 0.2°C (likely between 0.1°C
and 0.3°C) per decade (high confidence).
 WHAT IF IT REACHES 1.5°C – 2°C?
Arctic summer sea-ice
● 50% or higher risk to be ice free
● Loss of habitat on arctic animals
● It would benefit increase the productivity and fish stocks in the
Arctic Ocean and benefit the fisheries industry

Arctic land regions

● Drastic warming
● Drastic tundra biome shift possible
● Potential collapse of permafrost
● Potential dieback of boreal forest

Alpine regions
● Severe shift of biomes
 WHAT IF IT REACHES 1.5°C – 2°C?
Mediterranean
● Robust increase on extreme drought
● Substantial reduction on surface
● Very high risk on water deficit

Tropics
● Large increase on hot days and nights and even heatwaves
● Persistent livestock heat stress
● Substantial reduction on crop yield
● Potential rainforest dieback
Southeast Asia
● Substantial increase in risk of flooding related to sea-level rise
● Increase in precipitation intensity
● Substantial increase on heavy precipitation
● Substantial reduction on crop yield
 WHAT IF IT REACHES 1.5°C – 2°C?
West African and the Sahel
● Strengthening of Monsoon
● Longer and more frequent heat waves
● High undernutrition risk

Southern Africa
● Large reductions on water availability
● Increased mortality from heat waves
● Undernutrition livestock

Small islands
● Substantial inundation risk
● Coastal flooding
● Increased no. of hot days
● Loss of coral reefs
Impact and risks for selected natural, managed and human systems

Le réchauffement climatique est un phénomène de

variation climatique caractérisé par une augmentation
générale des températures avec des conséquences sur
l'écosystème

Confidence level : M, medium; H, high; VH; very high

Very High
High
Moderate
Undetectable
Expected Changes in Climate System by Human-Induced Global
Warming

ENERGY POPULATION
Creating new hazards,
Can affect generation of exposures, and vulnerabilities
renewable energy that affects increasing
population

FOOD Ocean
Reduction of food Higher regional surface
availability temperature means and
extremes
 AT 1.5°C COMPARED TO 2°C

A Up to several hundred million fewer people exposed to climate-

related risk and susceptible to poverty by 2050

B Disproportionately high risk for Arctic, dryland regions, small island

developing states and least developed countries

C Lower risks for health, livelihoods, food security, water supply,

human security and economic growth

Wide range of adaptation options which can reduce climate risks;

D less adaptation needs at 1.5°C
 What does it take to limit warming to 1.5°C
It will require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all systems:

 A range of technologies and behavioral changes

 Scale up in annual investment in low carbon energy and energy
efficiency by factor of five by 2050
 Renewables supply 70-85% of electricity in 2050
 Coal declines steeply, ~zero in electricity by 2050
 Deep emissions cuts in transport and buildings
 Transitions in land use, scale depending on mitigation portfolio
 Urban and infrastructure system transitions, changes in urban planning
practices
 Climate Change and Sustainability
It will require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all systems:

 Ethical and fair transitions

 Different pathways have different synergies and trade-offs with UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 Careful mix of measures to adapt to climate changes and reduce
emissions can help achieve SDGs
 Low energy demand, low material consumption and low carbon food
carry highest benefits
 Cooperation, governance, innovation and mobilization of finance key
for feasibility
 “Study of Impacts of Global
Warming on Climate Change: Rise
in Sea Level and Disaster
Frequency”
Written by: Bharat Raj Singh and Onkar Singh
 INTRODUCTION

 Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in global average

temperatures. Climate change is caused by rising carbon dioxide
emissions from vehicles, factories, and power plants. It will affect not
only the atmosphere and the sea, but will also alter the Earth's geology.

 Emissions of carbon dioxide due to our use of fossil energy will change
the climate and the temperature is estimated to increase by 2 to 6 o Celsius
within year 2100, which is a tremendous increase from our current
average temperature of 1.7o Celsius as predicted by IPCC. 
 INTRODUCTION

 This may cause huge changes to our civilization, both positive and
negative, but the total impact on our society is currently very uncertain.
Forecasts indicate that major storms could devastate New York City in
next decade whereas Gulf countries will get affected badly well before.

 Global warming primarily caused by increases in “greenhouse” gases

such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous oxide (NOX), Sulphur dioxide
(SO2), Hydrogen etc. A warming planet thus leads to climate changes
which can adversely affect weather in different ways.
 PROMINENT INDICATORS FOR A GLOBAL
WARMING
 Temperature over land  Sea level

 Snow cover on Hills  Sea surface temperature

 Glacier on Hills  Temperature over ocean

 Ocean Heat Content  Humidity

 Sea Ice  Tropospheric Temperature

 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
FOUR REASONS FOR CONCERN BY
IPCC:

Threats to endangered Damages from

01 species and unique systems 02 extreme climate events

Effects that fall most

heavily on developing The poor within countries,
03 countries 04 global aggregate impacts, and
large-scale high-impact events
 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Global warming is closely associated with a broad spectrum of
other climate changes, such as:
Increases in the frequency
01 of intense rainfall
04 Rising sea levels
Decreases in snow
02 cover and sea ice
Widespread ocean
05 acidification
More frequent and
03 intense heat waves
 CONCLUSION

From the various studies and reports, it is evident that the

with the current rate of carbon dioxide release in the
atmosphere there would not only be the increase in the
global temperature, but it will also cause rise in sea, level
and increase the frequency of disasters.
 03
CASE STUDIES
“Case study of Global Warming”
Author: Sudha Bansode, Prof. and Head of Zoology Depatment , Shankarao Mohite Mahavidyalaya Aklu
 INTRODUCTION

 Many researchers, engineers and environmentalists are expressing deep

concerns about changes in the overall climate of the planet. Fossil fuels are
being continuously used to produce electricity. The burning of these fuels
produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides which lead to
global warming. Deforestation is also leading to warmer temperatures.

 The hazard of global warming is continuously causing major damage to the

Earth's environment. Most people are still unaware of global warming and do
not consider it to be a big problem in years to come.
 INTRODUCTION
 What most people do not understand is that global warming is currently happening,
and we are already experiencing some of its withering effects. It is and will
severely affect ecosystems and disturb ecological balance.

 Because of the treacherous effects of global warming, some solutions must be

devised. The paper introduces global warming, elaborates its causes and hazards
and presents some solutions to solve this hot issue. Above all, alternative energy
sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, bio mass) need to be seriously pursued.
Finding and using renewable sources of energy is one of the methods to combat the
ever increasing global warming effectively.
 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF GLOBAL
WARMING

01 Deforestation 04 Industrial Development

02 Use of Vehicles 05 Agriculture

03 Chlorofluorocarbon 06 Overpopulation
 NATURAL CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

01 Volcanoes 02 Water Vapor

03 Melting Permafrost 04 Forest Blazes

 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
FOUR REASONS FOR CONCERN BY
IPCC:

Threats to endangered Damages from

01 species and unique systems 02 extreme climate events

Effects that fall most

heavily on developing The poor within countries,
03 countries 04 global aggregate impacts, and
large-scale high-impact events
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Major causes of greenhouse effect

01 Burning of Fossil Fuels

With the increase in population, the
02
utilization of fossil fuels has
increased. This has led to an increase
in the release of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
Deforestation
Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide and
release oxygen. Due to
the cutting of trees, there is a considerable
increase in the greenhouse gases which
increases the earth’s temperature.

03 Farming
Nitrous oxide used in fertilizers
04 Industrial Waste and Landfills
Landfills also release carbon dioxide and
is one of the contributors to methane that adds to the greenhouse
the gases.
greenhouse effect in the
atmosphere.
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Main effects of increased greenhouse gases are:
Depletion of Ozone
01 Global Warming
The main cause for this environmental
02 Layer
This results in the entry of the harmful UV
issue is the increased volumes of rays to the earth’s surface that might lead
greenhouse gases such as carbon to skin cancer and can also change the
dioxide and methane climate drastically

03 Smog and Air Pollution

major contributors to the formation of
04 Acidification of Water Bodies
The greenhouse gases mix with the
smog are the automobile and industrial rainwater and fall as acid rain. This leads
emissions, agricultural fires, natural to the acidification of water bodies.
forest fires and the reaction of these
chemicals among themselves.
 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
HUMANS

01 Food Security
Climate change is projected to
02
negatively affect all four pillars of food
security: not only how much food is
available, but also how easy food is to
access (prices), food quality and how
stable the food system is.
Food Availability
Negative impacts have been observed for
some crops in low-latitudes, while
positive impacts have been observed in
some crops in high-latitudes. In fisheries
their catch decrease while in Arctic
Ocean have growth in catch.

03 Water Security
Water resources are projected to
04 Health
Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves
decrease in most dry subtropical caused by global warming have
regions and mid-latitudes, but increase significantly affected human health.
in high latitudes. Reduce water quality
before treatment.
 04
CURRENT
STATUS
April 16, 2022

The current status of climate change in the world are worsen

overtime. Due to pollution and human made disastrous actions.
Under a moderate emissions scenario in line with current policies,
global warming will soon be a significant threat as well. Even
cacti can’t take the heat.
Some 1,500 species of cacti spread across the Americas live in varying climes,
ranging from sea-level deserts to the high Andes mountains, from bone-dry
ecosystems to humid tropical forests.

“Our results suggest that climate change will become a primary driver of cactus
extinction risk, with 60 to 90 percent of species assessed negatively impacted" by
global warming, the researchers reported.

Within four or five decades, some 25 percent of cacti species could experience
unfamiliar climates over a quarter of their current range.
Earlier studies have shown impaired
photosynthesis — the process by which plants
use sunlight to make foods from CO2 and water
— with only two degrees Celsius of global
warming.

Earth's average surface temperature, including

oceans, is already 1.1C warmer than preindustrial
times, and about 1.7C warmer over land only.
— Agence France-Presse
April 30, 2022

According to Dr. Marcelino Villafuerte, because global warming raised the

temperatures of the sea surface and the atmosphere, these in turn fueled
the development and further intensification of typhoons.

Villafuerte also said that according to forecast, the Philippines would have
6-8 tropical cyclones in the next 6 months.
Villafuerte also said that according to PAGASA’s
studies, climate change affected the movements
of typhoons, such that we now had harsh
typhoons during the months of December,
January, and February in Visayas and Mindanao.

He said based on studies and data recorded by PAGASA’s

instruments, average temperature in the Philippines
increased by about 0.68 degrees in the past 65 years or 0.1
degree every decade.

According to Villafuerte, while the target is to maintain

average of 1.5 degrees Celsius increase in global
temperature, it can reach 4 degrees by the end of the 21st
century if we go business as usual.
May 10, 2022

UN state that there is even a chance world will breach 1.5°C

warming within 5 years. GENEVA — There is an even chance
that global temperatures will temporarily breach the benchmark
of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in one of the next five years,
the United Nations warned Tuesday.
"The chance of global near-surface temperature exceeding
1.5°C above pre-industrial levels at least one year between
2022 and 2026 is about as likely as not," the UN's World
Meteorological Organization said in an annual climate
update.
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