FHSP1014

Physics I
REVISION 2 - TOPICS 9 TO 12
 Gentle Reminder

 FA period: 20 Sept (Mon) to 25 Sept (Sat)

 Release of FA results: 7 Oct 2021 (Thu)

 Stress and Strain

Young’s Modulus Ultimate strength

The elastic limit is the limiting stress a body can experience

without becoming permanently deformed.
The ultimate strength is the greatest stress a body can
experience without breaking or rupturing.
A 50.0 m long steel cable (Y = 1.80 × 1011 N/m2) of diameter 1.00
cm is used to lift a 1000 kg passenger lift up a multi-storey
building.

(a) If the lift undergoes a uniform acceleration of 1.50 m/s2

initially for a few seconds, determine the elongation in the
cable.
F – mg= ma
F=
(b) If the ultimate tensile strength of the cable is 860 MPa,
determine the maximum acceleration that the cable can lift
the passenger lift such that the cable does not break.
 Fluid Pressure
Density:
Pressure:
Atmospheric pressure:

Fluid Pressure with depth:

 Pascal’s Principle: A change in pressure
Fluid Mechanics applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point of the fluid and
to the walls of the container.

Archimedes’ Principle: Any object completely

or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up
by a force whose magnitude is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Pressure at depth
h from the surface

Gauge
Pressure
Figure below shows true weight and apparent weight (or Normal force) of a stone.

(i) State a relationship between true weight, normal force and buoyant force and
hence calculate the buoyant force.
 
(ii) Sketch a free body diagram to show all the forces acted on the stone when it is
in water.

(iii) If the stone is changed to a wood when it is in water with one-third of the wood
above the water surface, determine the ratio of density of wood to the density
of water.
 Ideal Gas Law

Gay-Lussac’s
Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law
Law
For a system
with constant Temperature Pressure Volume

V V P

P T T
 TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is a measure of how hot
or cold something is, due to the
molecules’ average kinetic energy.

TK = TC + 2730
• Thermometers are instruments
designed to measure temperature.
The normal temperature of a human body is 98.6 °F.
Determine his/her temperature in
(i) Celsius scale, and
(ii) Kelvin scale.
 CHANGE OF PHASE
Q = mLf
Q = m(- Lf)
The latent heat of fusion (Lf) of
a substance is the heat per unit
mass required to change the
substance from the solid to the
liquid phase of its melting
temperature.
Q = mLv
Q = m (- L v)
The latent heat of vaporization
(Lv) of a substance is the heat per
unit mass required to change the
substance from a liquid to a
vapor at its boiling temperature.
Determine the heat energy needed to convert 10.0 g of
ice at –20.0 °C to water at 30.0 °C.

Steam at 100°C is added to ice at 0°C. Find the amount

of ice melted and the final temperature when the mass
of steam is 1.0 g and ice is 50 g.

(Lf = 3.33 × 105 J kg-1, Lv = 2.26 × 106 J kg-1, cice = 2090 J

kg-1 oC-1, cwater = 4186 J kg-1 oC-1)
 • The heat current H is defined as the quantity of
heat Q transferred per unit of time t in the
direction from high temperature to low
temperature.
• The thermal conductivity k of a material is a
measure of its ability to conduct heat.
• The rate of radiation R is the energy emitted
per unit area per unit time (power per unit
area).

Emissivity, e : 1 > e > 0

Stefan-Boltzman Constant , σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m·K4

 Conduction
A wall of a room consists of brick as shown in the figure below.
The thickness of the brick layer is 10.0 cm. The area of the wall is
30.0 m2. Find the rate of heat loss through the wall in terms of
conductivity, k. Assume the heat loss is only through conduction.
 Radiation
Your body generates heat from the food you eat. You
has a skin surface area of 1.5 m2 with a skin surface
temperature of 35.0 °C. If the surrounding temperature
is 10.0 °C, determine the net rate of heat transfer
through radiation in terms of emissivity e and Stefan-
Boltzmann constant σ. (assume that heat is lost only
through radiation from your bare skin alone)
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
1. Isochoric Process: ΔV = 0, W = 0
2. Isobaric Process: ΔP = 0 W = PΔV
3. Isothermal Process: ΔT = 0,
(ΔU = 0)
4. Adiabatic Process: Q=0 ΔU = –W

PV = nRT

1 2 3 4

Q = ΔU + W R = 8.31 J/(mol.K)
An enclosed container filled with gas is fitted with a cross-
sectional area of 0.150 m2. The pressure of the gas is
maintained at 6000 Pa as the piston moves inward by 20.0
cm. Determine
(i) the work done by the gas, and
 
(ii) the heat energy removed from the system during
compression if the internal energy of the gas decreases
by 10.0 J.
 Thermal Processes
Consider the PV diagram shown, starting at point A, a 100 cm3
sample of gas absorbs 200 J of heat, causing the pressure to
increase from 100 kPa to 200 kPa while its volume increases to 200
cm3. Next the gas expands from B to C, absorbing an additional
400 J of heat while its volume increases to 400 cm3.
a) Find the net work done
and the change in internal
energy for each of the
processes AB and BC.

b) What are the net work

done for the process CD
and DA?