INSTITUTE - UIE

DEPARTMENT- CIVIL ENGINEERING

ME (Construction Technology and Management)
Subject Name and Code: Domain Aptitude
21CET-612

Dr. Murtaza Hasan

Special Concrete
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
 Course Outcome
Primary Goals of Course: CO
Number
Title Level

CO1 Students will be able to obtain knowledge Remember

of scientific management, material  
Management, inventory control and
• To study and understand various disposal of surplus material.
managements aspects related to labour and
leadership.
Students can understand the business and Understand
• To have better understanding about the CO2
management skills in positions within the  
various physical properties and ingredients of construction Industry.

concrete.
CO3 Students can determine the properties and Understand
• To learn about procedure and Rules & types of Concrete and summarize the
construction of underwater and
Regulations of Tendering and bidding. underground construction.
• To understand the various management
techniques for successful completion of CO4 Students will be able to analyse the Analyze
techniques for construction of High-rise &
Construction projects. prefabricated structures.

CO5 Students shall be able to handle bids of Apply

tendering, bidding and management and
Learn management tools, its uses and
control measure for a construction project.
2
 CONTENTS

1. FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

2. TYPES OF FIBRES
3. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

3
FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)
Why Fibres are used?
 Main role of fibers is to bridge the cracks that develop in
concrete and increase the ductility of concrete elements.
 There is considerable improvement in the post-cracking
behavior of concrete containing fibers due to both plastic
shrinkage and drying shrinkage.
 They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus
reduce bleeding of water.
 Some types of fibers produce greater abrasion and
shatter
resistance in concrete.
 Imparts more resistance to Impact load.
Contd.

Reference: Cement & Concrete Institute

http://www.cnci.org.za
Contd.

Source: P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties,

and Materials, Third Edition, Fourth Reprint 2011
 Types of Fibers:

Steel fibers Glass fibers

Carbon Fibers Cellulose Fibers
 Synthetic Fibers:

Polypropylene Nylon Fibers

Fibers
 Natural Fibers:

Coir Hay
Steel fibers

 Aspect ratios of 30 to 250.

 Diameters vary from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm.

 High structural strength.
 Reduced crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus
improving durability.
 Improve impact and abrasion resistance.
 Used in precast and structural applications, highway and airport
pavements, refractory and canal linings, industrial flooring,
bridge decks, etc.
Glass Fibers

 High tensile strength, 1020 to 4080 N/mm2

 Generally, fibers of length 25mm are used.

 Improvement in impact strength.

 Increased flexural strength, ductility and resistance to thermal

shock.

 Used in formwork, swimming pools, ducts and roofs, sewer

lining etc.
Synthetic fibers

 Man- made fibers from petrochemical and textile industries.

 Cheap, abundantly available.

 High chemical resistance.

 High melting point.

 Low modulus of elasticity.

 It’s types are acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester,

polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.

 Applications in cladding panels and shotcrete.

Natural fibers

 Obtained at low cost and low level of energy using local

manpower and technology.

 Jute, coir and bamboo are examples.

 They may undergo organic decay.

 Low modulus of elasticity, high impact strength.

Aspect Ratio of fiber
 It is defined as ratio of length of fiber to it’s diameter
(L/d).
 Increase in the aspect ratio upto 75, there is
increase in relative strength and toughness.
 Beyond 75 of aspect ratio, there is decrease in aspect
ratio and toughness.
Type of Aspect ratio Relative Relative
concrete toughness
strength
Plain concrete 0 1.0 1.0
with
randomly 25 1.50 2.0
Dispersed fibers 50 1.60 8.0
75 1.70 10.50
100 1.50 8.50
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
FIGURE 1-GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

2
WHY NOT OPC?

• It is the most consumed commodity in the world after

water.
• It is also the most energy intensive material
• Cement production leads to high carbon-dioxide
emission.
- 1 ton of CO2 is produced for every 1 ton of cement.
-It is produced by calcination of limestone and burning of
fossil fuels

3
IS THERE A WAY TO USE OPC WITHOUT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?

-replacing some limestone with fly ash and blast furnace

slag called as blended cement
-using carbon dioxide emission captures and
storage(CCS)
-accelerated carbonation where CO2 penetrate concrete
reacting with Ca(OH)2 in presence of H2O forming CaCO3

4
WHY GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE?

• Reduces the demand of OPC which leads CO2 emission.

• Utilise waste materials from industries such as fly ash,
silica-fume, GGBS.
• Protect water bodies from contamination due to fly
ash disposal.
• Conserve acres of land that would have been used for coal
combustion products disposal.
• Produce a more durable infrastructure.

5
CONSTITUENTS

• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate - sand or bottom ash can be used
• Admixture - superplasticizers(naphthalene based or
naphthalene sulphonate based)
• Alkaline activators
-Alkaline activation is a process of mixing powdery
aluminosilicate with an alkaline activator .
-It produce a paste which sets and hardens within
short duration

6
Alkaline activators commonly used are sodium or
potassium hydroxide.
-They are used in combination with sodium silicate(water
glass) or potassium silicate solution.
-NaOH and Na2SiO3 are more commonly used as it leads to
higher geopolymerisation rate.
-K2SiO3 solution rarely used because of high cost and lack of
easy availability.
-Alkali hydroxide is used for dissolution and sodium-silicate
solution as binder.

7
 Sodium hydroxide
- dissolved in water to form a semi-solid paste
-higher amount reduces ettringite
-makes crystalline product which is stable in aggressive
environment
 Potassium hydroxide
-improve porosity and compressive strength
 Sodium silicate(water glass)
-available in gel form
-for good pozzolanic reaction it is mixed with NaOH

8
• Fly ash
Combustion by-product of coal in coal fired power plants
Two classes of fly ash are F and C
TABLE1:CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH
OXIDES PERCENTAGE
SiO2 52
Al2O3 33.9
Fe2O3 4
CaO 1.2
K2O 0.83
Na2O 0.27
MgO 0.81
SO3 0.28
LOI 6.23
SiO2/Al2O3 1.5 9
•fly ash used in concrete to increase life cycle expectancy

•helps in increasing durability

•improves permeability by lowering water-cement ratio

•spherical shape of fly ash improves consolidation of

concrete

10
• GGBS
-a mineral admixture of silicates and aluminates of Ca and
other bases
-same main chemical constituents as OPC but in different
proportions
- improves compressive strength of GPC
TABLE 2-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GGBS

CEMICAL CEMENT(%) GGBS(%)

CONSTITUTION
Calcium oxide 65 40
Silicon dioxide 20 35
Aluminium oxide 5 10
Magnesium oxide 2 8 11
• Silica fume
-also called as micro silica or condensed silica fume
-produced during manufacture of silicon by electric arc furnace
-another artificial pozzolan

12
 FAQ’s
Q1. What is the Geopolymer Concrete?
Q2. How many fibres can be used for making FRC?
Q3. What is aspect ratio?

29
 APPLICATIONS

Students will be able to learn where all fibre reinforced

concrete is used and effectiveness of Geopolymer
concrete in construction industry.

46
References
 K.Srinivasa Rao, S.Rakesh kumar, A.Laxmi Narayana,
Comparison of Performance of Standard Concrete and Fibre Reinforced
Standard Concrete Exposed To Elevated Temperatures, American
Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-
ISSN : 2320-0936, Volume-02, Issue- 03, 2013, pp-20-26
 Abid A. Shah, Y. Ribakov, Recent trends in steel fibered high- strength
concrete, Elsevier, Materials and Design 32 (2011), pp 4122–4151
 ACI Committee 544. 1990. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced
Concrete.ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 5, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit,MI, 22 pp
Contd.

 P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure,

Properties, and Materials, Third Edition, Fourth Reprint 2011, pp
502-522
 ACI Committee 544, Report 544.IR-82, Concr. Int., Vol. 4, No.
5, p. 11, 1982
 Hanna, A.N., PCA Report RD 049.01P, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL, 1977
 Ezio Cadoni ,Alberto Meda ,Giovanni A. Plizzari, Tensile
behaviour of FRC under high strain-rate,RILEM, Materials and
Structures (2009) 42:1283–1294
 Marco di Prisco, Giovanni Plizzari, Lucie Vandewalle, Fiber
Reinforced Concrete: New Design Prespectives, RILEM,
Materials and Structures (2009) 42:1261-1281
 SUMMARY

• USAGE OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

• USAGE OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
• ADVANTAGES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

48
THANK YOU