DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru – 560078
Accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade

Project presentation on
“Road Safety Audit of Chamarajanagar to Haradanahalli District Forest -NH 94”
Presentation by
AKSHAY.G
1DS20CHT01

Under the guidance of

Dr.Prakash P
Professor, HOD of CTM

Department of Construction Technology Management & Highway

Technology
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru – 78
1
2021-22
 CONTENTS

• Introduction • Questionnaire Survey

• Road Safety Audit • Statistical Analysis of Accidents
• Road Safety Audit in India
• Conclusion
• Objective of the study
• Discussion
• Scope of the study
• Scope for Future Work
• Literature review
• References
• Methodology
2
 INTRODUCTION

• Road safety auditing is a standardized method for assessing accident rates and safety audits in the design of new
projects or programs, the rehabilitation and improvement of existing roads, and in the maintenance of roads.

• Key elements for RSA:

 Making a choice a project area

 Functionality of the RSA-related organization

 Team selection; Choosing a team, conducting the audit work, and reviewing and pinpointing problematic spots.

 Recommendations for Action.

3
 ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

RSA is viewed as a highly formalized procedure for independent evaluation of accident potentials
and, more notably, skill of safety with stipulated design for road traffic, whether for a new or existing
road system. The procedure primarily entails accident assessment and related RSA skills. It should be
used for accident prevention on old or new roads, and the skill should be used to reduce the number of
accidents on old or new roads by promoting existing safety schemes in most cases with economy.

4
 ROAD SAFETY AUDIT IN INDIA

In India, there may not yet be any formal requirements for the implementation of road safety
measures. India is now realizing the importance of RSA. Therefore, MORTH financed the
'Development of RSA for existing sectors' project at CRRI in April 2002. The RSA on NH-2
engineering design was given to CRRI by the NHAI. The world's longest road project, with a total
length of nearly 900 km, was undertaken by RSA. And the CRRI only accepted the RSA project at the
Indore bypass in 2000. The first traffic safety audit project throughout India is this particular one.

5
 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

• To identify and collect required suitable data of stretches needing an audit.

• To conduct Traffic surveys on the selected stretches required for the safety audit.

• To identify and analyse the accident black spots created in the study area.

• To give technical improvements to problems discovered through research and surveys

conducted in the study region.

6
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• This study is focused on identifying potential safety concerns that may affect road users within a
scheme design and make recommendations for addressing these hazards.
• It specifies the safety criteria that should be followed when designing new or rehabilitated road
sections.

7
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Sl.No Details of journal paper Content
1. Hetram Sharma, Dr Sheetal Agarwal The purpose of this study was to assess the weaknesses in road
“Road Safety Audit: Challenges And safety and make recommendations for improvements to the
Remedies”, existing road network.
2018. Road safety flaws such as improper intersection design width of
carriage way, low maintenance of road markings, road sign,
unlawful median openings, lack of Bus-Stops, and confused
pedestrian behaviour were observed.

2. N. Naveen, S SanMithra The audit was carried out in accordance with IRC: 67-2012, IRC:
“Road Safety Audit of Rural Ghat Road at 35-1997, and IRC: SP: 88. According to the requirements, road
Vikarabad District”, signs, markings, message signs, hazard markers, traffic safety
2019. barriers, blackspot identification, and delineators were corrected.

3. Tummala Bharat Kumar, Chukkapalli Jeswanth This paper aims to identify design imperfections, accident prone
Chowdary, regions and to study about the impact of roadway geometrics and
“Road safety audit: a case study on NH-65”, traffic conditions on the highway.
2018 After analysing the data, it was discovered that road markings,
shoulder condition, carriageway condition, and median opening
are the elements that cause accidents on the NH65.
8
 LITERATURE REVIEW CONTD…
Sl.No Details of journal paper Content
4. S SanMithra, N. Naveen , M S Renuka This study investigates the dangers of the roads as well as the
“Road Safety Audit of the Noida – Greater variables that perplex drivers. This audit showed and emphasized
Noida Expressway” flaws in safety engineering, demonstrating excellent and bad
February 2019 practices in road safety maintenance such as Route Signs, Interchange
Signs, Exit Signs, Miscellaneous Information Signs, and Road
Markings, among other things.
5. N. Naveen, M. Rajesh, M. Srinivas, Md. This study examines the human, vehicle, road, external environment,
Fasioddin, “Road safety audit of a rural and other elements that influence safety in rural road accidents. This
road” report included recommendations for a safe road.
April 2017 It depicted traffic hazards such as abrupt curves, narrow lanes, and
ineffective road markings and sign boards, all of which can lead to
fatalities in the worst-case scenario.
6. Omkar Gholap, Nikita Shinde, Vaishnavi The purpose of the research is to inspect the road in terms of safety
Shelke, Navnath Navale, Kuldeepak measures, road scenarios, and any form of faults, as well as to
Deshmukh, Ashutosh Kotkar, recommend mitigation and prevention actions for the selected portion
“Road Safety Audit” of road for audit.
February 2018, The research is based on data collection methods such as traffic
volume analysis, data collection from accidents, data collection from
potholes on the road, data collection from road safety signs and
symbols, public questionnaire survey, and so on.
9
 LITERATURE REVIEW CONTD…
Sl.No Details of journal paper Content
7. Road accidents, NCRB, For the year 2015 Traffic accidents throughout India was reported to about
2015. 464674.As on time base analysis maximum traffic accidents happened in May
(45215), Maximum number of Traffic accidents (80113) is reported during 15.00 hrs.
to 18.00 hrs. of the day. Road accidents victims mainly are two-wheeler riders.
Buses, cars, trucks, are accounted for 19.4%, 8.3% and 12.4% of accidental deaths
respectively. Mainly accidents occurred due to over speeding i.e., of about 43.7% of
total road accidents, in that 212815 people are injured & 60969 deaths were
recorded.
8. Francis John Gichaga et al., In this paper the Author discussed about RSA and its different stages. He suggested
“Road safety audit in India”,. the evaluation of Intersection design, Markings, Sign, Signals, Geometrics, Drains,
Slopes of Embankment.
9. Zarulazam Eusofe et., , at Institutional This paper explains into how the effectiveness and efficiency of the Road Safety
level in Malaysia, Management are dependent on finance. Here the key stakeholders of Road Safety
“Assessment of Road Safety Management were allowed to participate in a semi structured interview based
Management”. exploratory approach. The analysis has shown that the efficiency and effectiveness of
Road Safety Management system of Malaysia may be co-related with the funding
sources, awareness in public, process of decision making, institutional capacity and
the local needs, legislative framework for the Road Safety.

10
METHODOLOGY
Identification of study
area

Collection of required data

Analysis of the obtained

data

Interpretation of results

Conclusions and
recommendations for
improvement 11
Project Methodology:
• An 18.2 km length from Chamarajanagar to Haradanahalli District Forest Limit (Ramapura Junction) is
chosen for the RSA for the current work. One police station, Chamarajanagar traffic police station limit
Satty Road, has jurisdiction over this section of road. The relevant police station will provide the
information on road accidents.
• An odometer survey to determine chainage and measure length.
• For precise RSA, dividing the entire length into the 5 sections shown below:

Stretch (from & to) Chainage

Chamarajanagar to Somawarapete 0–2.9km

Somawarapete to Haradanahalli 2.9–6.5km

Haradanahalli to Chikkahole bus stop 6.5–12.4km

Chikkahole bus stop to Attagulipura 12.4–4.9km

Attagulipura to Haradanahalli District Forest Limit 14.9–18.2km

(Ramapura Junction) 12
Methodology for the Road Safety Review (RSR) of the chosen road
segment:
• The road being considered for RSA was just finished. Either via widening and
strengthening or reconstruction, the road is made 5.5/7 meters wide.
• The majority of the road is in poor shape. These are the areas where there are many
potholes and other damage. Many locations lack proper road signs, markings on the
road, etc.
• The pavement, HM & KM Posts, Road Markings, Road Signs, Road Studs, Guard
Stones, Crash Barriers, etc. on a short section of the road are all properly maintained.
• At some points of the project road, operational speeds have been recorded to be higher
than the design speed, which obviously increases the dangers to road safety.
• As a result, although not exclusively, the observations are mostly focused on following
important road components. When necessary, the report also addresses issues about road
safety.
13
Methodology for the Road Safety Review (RSR) of the chosen road
segment:
• Frequency, Severity and Level of Risk Steps 1 and 2 describe how to categorize the
frequency, seriousness, and risk of traffic accidents.
• Using the step 1 and step 2 results that are provided in step 3 as a guide, the level of risk
is determined. Step 4 of the process below provides the recommended therapeutic
strategy.
• Step 1: The frequencyFrequency
depending upon the possible crash is termed as indicated below.
Definition
Frequent One or more per month

Probable One or more per year (but less than one per
month)

Occasional Once every five or ten years

Improbable Less often than once every ten years
14
Methodology for the Road Safety Review (RSR) of the chosen road
segment:
• Step 2: The severity depending upon the type of crash is termed as indicated below.
Severity Description Examples
  Multiple deaths High speed, multi-vehicle crashes on
Catastrophic
are likely expressways or highways. A bus collision
at
high speed with a bridge
abutment
Serious A death and/or High/medium speed vehicle/vehicle
collisions
serious injuries
or collisions with fixed roadside objects.
  Low speed collisions, such as a bicyclist
Minor injuries
Minor sliding on a sandy road surface, a rear
only are likely
end crash in a slip lane, or a pedestrian
hit in a
Trivial injuries Very low speed vehicle collisions.
 
Limited or Pedestrian trips on uneven footpath, a
property car collides with a median island in a
15
damage car park.
only
 Methodology for the Road Safety Review (RSR) of the chosen road
segment:
• Step 3: Using the classification observed from step 1 and step 2 the “RISK” is defined as given in table
below.    
  From Table 1 - Frequency
 
RISK Frequent Probable Occasional Improbable

Catastrop Intolerable Intolerable Intolerable High

hic
Serious Intolerable Intolerable High Medium
• Step 4: The course of action or treatment is suggested
Minor Intolerable based on the rank
High of “RISK”
Medium Lowas follows.
Table 2
From

RISK Limited HighTREATMENT

SUGGESTED Medium
APPROACHLow Low

Intolerable Safety concern “must” be addressed at any cost.

Safety concern “should” be corrected (or the risk
High
significantly reduced), even if the cost is high.
Safety concern “should” be corrected (or the risk
Medium significantly reduced), if the treatment cost is
moderate, but not high.
Safety concern “should” be corrected (or risk reduced),
Low
if a treatment cost is low. 16
Auditing Selected Road Stretch's various components using a
Checklist

The "Manual on Road Safety Audit" (IRC: SP:88-2010) checklist is used while conducting a road safety audit.
Stage 6 auditing is used for this study. There was a total of 8, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 5, 5, and 3 checks made for each
case under the various parameters of general, alignments, cross section, intersection, signal controlled junction,
street sign, informatory symbol, road marking, illumination, road side dangers, and roadside facilities.

17
Auditing Selected Road Stretch's various components using a
Checklist contd…
Checklist auditing for stretch1:
The chosen section, which starts at the Chamrajanagara to Somwarapete junction, has a chainage of 0.000 to
2.9 km. Below table provides the audit's findings for this portion of the route.
Sl.no Particulars Observations Remarks

General
           
1 Are the prevailing speed levels within acceptable limits? No Speed of vehicles are high
          From Ch:0.02 to 0.98km Provision for
  Are road users stop in manners that could establish hazards?   parking should be done.
2 Yes
          In this stretch plantation are not obscure the
      view of sign.
3 Are plantations obscure perceivability or notice of sign? No

  Is the surface and carriage path marking in good condition?       Marking is so light it's not visible at night
4   No and wet condition

 
          Provided bus bays are not in usable
5 Are the medians and islands of sufficient width for the No condition
pedestrians?
           
  Are the bus stops and bus bays securely situated with   Vehicles are parked on the portion of the
6 satisfactory perceivability and clearance to the traffic path? No road.

          There is no opportunity for vehicles to

7 Is overtaking opportunity for fast moving vehicles? No overtake.
          Road side stalls are likely to distract the
8 Is the road limits free of any activities that are probably Yes drivers at ch: 0.002 to 0.77km.
going to distract drivers? 18
Checklist auditing for stretch1: Alignment
           
  Is the proposed speed of the vehicles related to the function of the road, the blend   Yes, but vehicles speed is more than design speed
1 of traffic likely to utilize it, and the road condition? Yes
  Provision of adequate signs if speed is not up to the mark of design speed.?       No cautionary signs are provided
2 No
          From Ch:0.90 to 1.08km due to ‘s’ shape curve
      overtaking is not visible
3 Does the alignment give safe overtaking chances? No
Cross section
           
  Is the widths of the median, carriage way and shoulder is related to standard and   In this stretch No medians, No paved shoulders,
1 satisfactory for capacity of road, volume and the mix of vehicular traffic likely to No
utilize it?
  Are the bridges having proper footpath and crash barriers?       No bridges in this stretch.
2 Na
3 Does the given shoulder and slopes as per standard and find any location with       No proper side slopes, water logging during rainfall
inadequate shoulder. No and no paved earth shoulder.
          No safe because, water get stuck during heavy
4 Whether side drains have provided to a safe standard? No
rain
fall
          Foot path is there but not paving no guard rails, light
      poles are placed in footpath itself & trees on footpath
5 Are pedestrians having a sufficient foot path width? No
Junction
          Junction is good for function of two are more road
      but marking & signs are not properly provided
1 The type of intersection (T type, signal controlled junction) appropriate for the Yes
functions of two or more roads?
           
2 Is the type of intersection sufficient for all generated vehicular movements and for Yes Layout is good
all kind of vehicles?
          Except Ch:0.0to 1.08km, the street lights & roadside
      lights are not in good condition
3 Whether provisions of night time light are adequate to standard? No
  Are intersections at that stretch having appropriate markings, signs to keep away       No sign boards are provided at
from accidents? No
19
4 junctions
Checklist auditing for stretch1:
Road Signs
          Expect warning sign & informatory
  Is the arrangement for road signs (Informatory,   sign no other signs are provided.
1 Regulatory, Warning signs and Delineators) No
satisfactory as per the standard?
  Check for any unapproved traffic signs and use of       In Chamrajanagara village
2 non-standard signs? Yes unauthorized signs are provided.
  Check for viability of traffic signs by watching them       No lack of reflectivity.
3 during the night and identify any lack of reflectivity No

Informatory signs
          Except curve locations, no signs are
1 Is provided all intersections with distance information No installed in junctions.
signs and advanced direction signs?
  Are these signs effectively situated to empower the       Signs are not provided in right
2 required action to be taken by the drivers? Yes position.

          Expect warning sign & informatory

  Is the arrangement for road signs (Informatory,   sign no other signs are provided.
1 Regulatory, Warning signs and Delineators) No
satisfactory as per the standard?
  Check for any unapproved traffic signs and use of       In Chamrajanagara village
2 non-standard signs? Yes unauthorized signs are provided.
  Check for viability of traffic signs by watching them       No lack of reflectivity.
3 during the night and identify any lack of reflectivity No

20
Checklist auditing for stretch1:
Road markings
1 Perceivability of road markings by a driver during night/day   No   They are not visible during night and wet
time and in dry/wet climate condition? condition
          Except Ch:0.00 to 0.77km, Road edge line is
2 Has proper type of markings been used in different No not marked
circumstances (path line, edge line)?
          Zebra crossing marking is not provided at
3 Is zebra crossing markings given at intersections? No junctions
          Position of stop lines are appropriate but
4 Is situating of stop lines appropriate? Yes not visible at
night time.
  Are chevron alignment markers are introduced, have correct        
5 types of markers been utilized? N0 Not yet installed
Lighting
          In ch:0.02,0.07,0.15,0. 67,0.93,0.9 km
      Lighting columns constitute hazards to
1 Find the road locations where lighting pole positions are Yes traffic.
hazard to traffic?

          Light poles are installed, but the minimum

  Is the electrical poles are installed in particular location with a   clearance is not provided from
2 minimum clearance from road edge as per standard? Yes the road edge

  Has lighting for signs especially overhead signs been given       Signs not visible properly.
3 where important? No
          Yes, all the poles in this stretch are on the
4 Are there any electrical poles or utility poles near the edge of Yes edge, that cause hazard
the berms which may cause hazards to traffic?
  Is there any lighting pole in the median unprotected by crash       in this stretch median is not there.
5 barriers? No 21
Checklist auditing for stretch1:
Road side Hazards
  Is the bridge railing, crash barriers or pedestrian guard       No bridge in this stretch
1 rail and end of bridge parapet of a safe design? No

2 Is there any presence of street side stall or other road side Yes     There are side stalls on shoulders
commercial activities?
  Are the median clear of any trees with trunks of        
3 circumference more than 30cm? If not, are such areas No No median
covered by protective crash barriers?

Road side facilities

          Due to inadequate footpath and no
      footpath in some location and due to no
  Is there satisfactory and safe arrangement for pedestrian   lighting, it is not safe for pedestrian to
1 and non-motorized vehicles along the street? No walk during night times

          In this stretch has no bus stops all bus

  Is the bus stop area safe, appropriate and whether the   are stopped at road itself which cause
2 arrangement for buses to stand clear of vehicular No abstraction to other vehicles no bus
movement paths has been made? Additionally, is there lanes are provided.
requirement for lighting at these areas? For the security
and safety of road users.

22
Checklist auditing for stretch1:
Figure showing the road map of RSA study
stretch from Chamrajanagara to
Somwarapete junction, with a chainage of
0.000 to 2.9 km.
The frequency, severity, risk for the stretch and the measure
required is as given below.
Frequency Frequent
Severity Serious
Risk Intolerable
Measures Safety concern must be corrected at any cost
According to a statistical examination of accident data, the
stretch from Chamrajanagara to Somwarapete junction, with a
chainage of 0.000 to 2.9 km, is ranked first. With at least one
accident every month with the severity of a fatality or serious
injury, crashes are regular along this stretch of road. Because the
level of danger from accidents is unbearable, the obtained
course of action must be changed at all costs for safety reasons.
23
 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
As a part of the study a questionnaire survey has been conducted for two sub stretches namely
Somwarapete to Haradanahalli junction (ch 2.9 to 6.50km) and Chikkahole to Attagulipura (Ch 12.4 to
14.9km). These two are stretches comes under high accident and low accident zones respectively. The
classification i.e., high accident and low accident zones has been made on the basis of statistical
analysis.

The information about the data collected for the stretch Somwarapete to Haradanahalli junction (Ch 2.9
to 6.50km) and Chikkahole to Attagulipura (Ch 12.4 to 14.9km).
For conducting questionnaire survey a sample size of 50 is adopted. Each respondent was given a
questionnaire set having 10 questions, which has either Yes or No as the response.
24
Questionnaire survey for the High accidental zone

The questionnaire survey for the stretch 2 which is classified as High accident zone based on the analysis of FIR data is
conducted. The findings are as shown in table and also the Graphical representation of percentage of accidents for different
reasons.
SL   REMARKS  
. QUESTIONS YES NO COMMENTS
N
O

        In this stretch Geometric designs are not

1 Due to sight distance 60% 40% provided properly at some locations.

        Sign boards are not provided at

2 Due to inadequate sign boards 64% 36% intermediate crossing village roads and in
curve locations.
        Comparatively less accidents due to drink
3 Due to drink and drive 46% 54% and drive.
        On either sides of the road the lights are
not provided properly and junction points
4 Insufficient provision of street lights 60% 40% street lights are not provided.

        Domestic animals like cow and dogs are

5 Random moment of animals 36% 64% moving random on rods at village limit.

        The speed of vehicles is higher than the

6 Due to over speed 86% 14% design speed of vehicles.
        Provisional stores are on the road shoulders
Due to commercial activities besides the at chain age 0.00-0.97 km and pan stalls,
7 pavement 30% 70% sugar cane juice shops are on the road
shoulders.
        The road users are not following the
8 Due to violating the traffic rules 50% 50% traffic rules properly
        Except Chamrajanagara village limit the
9 Due to less visibility of the road markings 62% 38% road markings are not visible properly

        BMRCL works on going at ch:

10 Due to distraction of drivers by advertisement 42% 58% 0.00to0.97km the side barricade boards
distract the road users. 25
Questionnaire survey for the Low accidental zone

The questionnaire survey for the stretch 4 which is classified as High accident zone based on the analysis of FIR data is
conducted. The findings are as shown in table and also the Graphical representation of percentage of accidents for different
reasons.
SL   REMARKS  
. QUESTIONS YES NO COMMENTS
N
O

        In this stretch Geometric designs are

1 Due sight distance 58% 42% not provided properly at curve
locations& junction point
        Sign boards are not provided at
2 Due to inadequate sign boards 54% 46% intermediate crossing village roads
and in curve locations.
        Less Accidents are occurred due to
3 Due to drink and drive 32% 68% drink & drive
        On either sides of the road the lights
        are not provided with suitable
4 Insufficient provision of street lights 58% 42% interval and junction point’s street
lights are not provided.
        Fewer accidents are occurred due
5 Random moment of animals 40% 60% random movement of animals.
        The speed of vehicles is higher than
6 Due to over speed 82% 18% the design speed of vehicles.
  Due to commercial activities besides     Less accidents are occurred due to
7 the pavement 42% 58% the road side commercial activities
        The road users are not follow the
8 Due to violating the traffic rules 52% 48% traffic rules properly
  Due to less visibility of the road     Except Somwarapete village limit
9 markings 48% 52% road signs are not visible properly
        No accidents occurred due to the
10 Due to distraction of drivers by 36% 64% distraction of drivers by the 26
advertisement advertisement boards.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS
The examination of the FIR data on traffic accidents is what determines which stretch comes in first, second, third, and so forth. On the basis
of statistical analysis, the rankings are determined. This ranking is based on the severity of the accident, including any fatalities, significant
injuries, minor injuries, etc. Stretch with more accidents and higher severity received the highest ranking, while smaller incidents and lower
severity received the lowest ranking.

The ranking is done on the basis of Accident Point Weightage (APW).

Typical calculation of APW is as shown below.

The Weightages adopted for the different nature of accidents are as given
below.

 Fatal -6
 Major injury-3
 Minor injury-0.6
 Vehicle Damage-0.2

Calculation of APW for stretch 1 is given below.

For chainage 2.9 to 6.5 km = 24*6+21*3+11*0.8+105*0.2=236.8 (APW) 27

 CONCLUSION

1. Road safety audit is an excellent strategy for improving safety with respect to road crashes, accident analysis.

2. A good audit effective in identifying the dangerous hazards elements on the road stretch. And some remedial measures can
be given as per IRC Guidelines.

3. From the ranking analysis stretch 2 i.e., Somwarapete to Haradanahalli junction is high accident zone. and the stretch 4 i.e.,
Chikkahole to Attagulipura is low accident zone.

4. The road accident data available in FIR of respective Police stations is a very good source of information for RSA.

5. Road safety audit is the finest method for improving safety against the dangerous road hazards and crashes.

6. RSA using check list is also an effective and efficient method.

28
 DISCUSSION

1. RSA gives the full idea of improvements required to nullify or minimize the accidents. Hence it is
concluded as RSA is an effective tool.

2. Stretch 2 is having very high vehicular density and lots of construction activity is going on. Many
traffic regulators such traffic sign, signal, lane marking is not present.

3. Stretch 4 is well kept compared to other stretches. Markings, Road signs, and Median is also
present. This contributing to the lesser accidents.

29
 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

1. Volume counts can be performed for the chosen lengths to determine the relationship between the
make and model of the vehicles and the frequency of incidents.

2. In order to establish an enforcement strategy, spot speed studies might be performed to determine
the actual speed of cars.

3. To integrate the analyzed data with a Geographical Information System (GIS) software and to
represent information on a computer/smartphone-based platform for road users.

30
 REFERENCES

1. N. Naveen, M. Rajesh, M. Srinivas, Md. Fasioddin, April 2017, “Road safety audit of a rural road”.

2. Siddhant Karahe, Dr. Sunil Sugandhi, Feb 2020, “Road Safety Audit of SH-26 Section from Khandwa to
Chhegaon Makhan - A Case Study (M.P.) India”.

3. N.N.G. Sai Pavan, K. Hemantha Raja, B.G.Rahul, SS. Asadi, Feb 2018, “A statistical evaluation on road safety
audit: a model study from hanuman junction to Kanaka Durga Vaaradhi Vijayawada”.

4. Hetram Sharma, Dr Sheetal Agarwal, Jan 2018, “Road Safety Audit: Challenges And Remedies”.

5. S SanMithra, N. Naveen , M S Renuka, February 2019, “Road Safety Audit of the Noida – Greater Noida
Expressway”.

31
 REFERENCES CONTD…

6. Tummala Bharat Kumar, Chukkapalli Jeswanth Chowdary, February 2018, “Road safety audit: a case study
on NH-65”.

7. N. Naveen, S SanMithra, February 2019, “Road Safety Audit of Rural Ghat Road at Vikarabad District”.
8. Omkar Gholap, Nikita Shinde, Vaishnavi Shelke, Navnath Navale, Kuldeepak Deshmukh, Ashutosh Kotkar,
February 2018, “Road Safety Audit”.

9. IRC SP:88 – Manual on road safety audit.

10. IRC:35-1997 Codes of practice for road markings.

32
THANK YOU

33