Bio.Sci.

12
At the end of the lesson, the students can:

1.Describe tissues;
2.Classify tissues according to structure and
function;
3.Determine the tissues present in the body
organs;
4.Compare tissue and aging process of the body.
• Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition
of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
 Major types of adult tissues
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nervous
 Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues
 Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
 Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
 3 major germ layers that form the embryonic disc (source of stem cells)
 Endoderm
 Inner layer

 Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives

 Mesoderm
 Middle layer

 Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels

 Ectoderm
 Outer layer

 Forms skin and neuroectoderm

 Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of cells
 Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, and forms glands
 Outside surface of the body
 Lining of digestive, respiratory and
urogenital systems
 Heart and blood vessels
 Linings of many body cavities
 Polarity - Has apical, basal, and
lateral surfaces
 Rests on a basement membrane
 Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent cells together
 Avascular - no blood vessels
 Regenerative -Replaces lost cells
by cell division
 Protecting underlying structures; e.g.,
epithelium lining the mouth
 Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
 Permitting the passage of substances; e.g.,
cells lining air sacs in lungs and nephrons in
kidney
 Secreting substances; e.g., pancreatic cells
 Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of stomach
and small intestine
Figure 4.1
 Number of layers of cells
 Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends from
basement membrane to the free surface
 Stratified- more than one layer.
 Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be stratified,
but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in
fact simple
 Shape of cells
 Squamous- flat, scale-like
 Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
 Columnar- taller than wide
Figure 4.3a
Figure 4.3b
Figure 4.3c
Figure 4.3d
 Contain two or more layers of cells
 Regenerate from below
 Major role is protection
 Are named according to the shape of cells at
apical layer
 Description
 Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
 Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or
columnar
 Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for
protection
 Specific types
 Keratinized – contain the protective protein
keratin
 Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
 Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body
openings
 Function – Protects underlying tissues in
areas subject to abrasion
 Location
 Keratinized – forms epidermis
 Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus,
mouth, and vagina
Figure 4.3e
Figure 4.3h
 A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes
an aqueous fluid
 Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium:
 Endocrine: no contact with exterior of body; ductless; produce
hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas)
 Exocrine: open to exterior of body via ducts (sweat, oil)

 Exocrine glands classified either by structure or by the

method of secretion
 Classified by structure
 Unicellular: goblet cells
 Multicellular: sweat, oil, pituitary, adrenal
 Classified on the basis of types of
ducts or mode of secretion
 Types of ducts
 Simple: ducts with few
branches
 Compound: ducts with many
branches
 If ducts end in tubules or sac-

like structures: acini.

Pancreas
 If ducts end in simple sacs:

alveoli. Lungs
 Tight junctions
 Desmosomes
 Gap junctions
• Integral proteins of adjacent
cells fuse together
• Completely encircle the cell
and form an adhesion belt.
• Form an impermeable
junction.
• Common near apical region
 Desmosomes – two disc-like plaques
connected across intercellular space
 Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins
called cadherins
 Proteins interdigitate into extracellular space
 Intermediate filaments insert into plaques from
cytoplasmic side
 Linker proteins extend
from plaque like teeth of
a zipper.
Intermediate filaments
extend across width of
cell.

• Common in superficial layers of skin; skin

peels after a sunburn
• Reduces chance of tearing, twisting, stretching
Figure 3.5b
• Connexon proteins are trans-
membrane proteins.
• Present in electrically excitable
tissues (heart, smooth muscle)
 Noncellular supporting sheet between the
epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
 Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial
cells
 Functions:
 Acts as a selective filter, determining which
molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
 Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating
epithelial cells can migrate
 Basal lamina and reticular layers of the
underlying connective tissue deep to it form the
basement membrane
 Apical surface features
 Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
 Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
 Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter or
leave
 Cilia
– whip-like, highly motile extensions of apical
surface membranes
 Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
 Most diverse and abundant tissue
 Main classes
 Connective tissue proper
 Cartilage
 Bone tissue
 Blood
 Characteristics
 Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
 Varying degrees of vascularity
 Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers
 Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed together
as in epithelium
Figure 4.5
 Enclose organs as a capsule and separate
organs into layers. Areolar
 Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and
ligaments.
 Support and movement. Bones.
 Storage. Fat.
 Insulation. Fat.
 Transport. Blood.
 Protection. Bone, cells of the immune
system.
 Ground substance – unstructured material that fills
the space between cells
 Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
 Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts,
hematopoietic stem cells, and others
 Fibroblasts - secrete the proteins needed for fiber
synthesis and components of the extracellular matrix
 Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes). Common in some
tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some (cartilage)
 Mast cells. Common beneath membranes; along small
blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and
proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.
 Leukocytes (WBC’s). Respond to injury or infection
 Macrophages. Derived from monocytes (a WBC).
Phagocytic; provide protection
 Chondroblasts - form cartilage
 Osteoblasts - form bone
 Hematopoietic stem cells - form blood cells
 Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells). Have
potential to differentiate into adult cell types.
 ECM has 3 major components
1. Protein fibers 2. Ground substance 3. Fluid
 Protein fibers
 Collagen fibers. Composed of the protein collagen.
Strong, flexible, inelastic; great tensile strength (i.e.
resist stretch). Perfect for tendons, ligaments
 Elastic fibers. Contain molecules of protein elastin that
resemble coiled springs. Returns to its original shape
after stretching or compression. Perfect for lungs,
large blood vessels
 Reticular fibers. Formed from fine collagenous fibers;
form branching networks (stroma). Fill spaces between
tissues and organs.
 Interstitial (tissue) fluid within which are one or more
of the molecules listed below:
 Hyaluronic acid: a polysaccharide. Very slippery;
serves as a good lubricant for joints. Common in most
connective tissues.
 Proteoglycans: protein and polysaccharide complex.
Polysaccharides called glyocosaminoglycans
(chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate). Protein part
attaches to hyaluronic acid. Able to trap large
amounts of water.
 Adhesive molecules: hold proteoglycan aggregates
together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in
bone, fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue.
 Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients
diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
 Mesenchyme: source of all
adult connective tissue.
 Derived from mesoderm
 Delicate collagen fibers
embedded in semifluid matrix
 Mucus: found only in the
umbilical cord. Wharton’s
jelly.
Figure 4.12b
Figure 4.12c
Figure 4.12d
Figure 4.12e
Figure 4.12f
 Bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers
oriented in multiple directions
 In walls of elastic arteries (aorta), lungs, vocal
ligaments
 Strong, yet elastic; allows for recoil of tissue after
being stretched
 Composed of chondrocytes (cells) located in matrix-
surrounded spaces called lacunae.
 Type of cartilage determined by components of the
matrix.
 Firm consistency.
 Ground substance: Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
complexed together trap large amounts of water
(microscopic sponges). Allows tissue to spring back after
being compressed.
 Avascular and no nerve supply. Heals slowly.
 Perichondrium. Dense irregular connective tissue that
surrounds cartilage. Fibroblasts of perichondrium can
differentiate into chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells)
 Types of cartilage
 Hyaline
 Fibrocartilage
 Elastic
Figure 4.12g
Figure 4.12h
Figure 4.12i
Figure 4.12j
Figure 4.12k
 Characteristics
 Cellsare referred to as fibers
 Contracts or shortens with force when stimulated
 Moves entire body and pumps blood

 Types
 Skeletal:attached to bones
 Cardiac: muscle of the heart.
 Smooth: muscle associated with tubular structures and
with the skin. Nonstriated and involuntary.
Figure 4.14a
Figure 4.14b
Figure 4.14c
Figure 4.15
 Cells divide more slowly
 Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though
they may increase in number
 Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
 Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become
less elastic
 Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic
 Changes in collagen and elastin result in
 Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
 Wrinkling of the skin
 Increased tendency for bones to break
 Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly
 Injuries don’t heal as readily