Mathematics

Class XI
AIL by
Khagendra
Singh

Trigonometric
Functions
GURUKUL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
ART INTEGRATED LEARNING ( MATHEMATICS )
The three trigonometric ratios

The three trigonometric ratios, sine, cosine and tangent, can

be defined using the ratios of the sides of a right-angled
triangle as follows:
Opposite
Sin θ =
Hypotenuse SOH
H
O Y
P P
P O Adjacent
O
T
E
N
Cos θ =
Hypotenuse CAH
S
I U
S
T E
Opposite
TOA
E
θ Tan θ =
Adjacent
ADJACENT

Remember: S O CAH TOA

H
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle

These definitions are limited because a right-angled triangle

cannot contain any angles greater than 90°.
To extend the three trigonometric ratios to include angles
greater than 90° and less than 0° we consider the rotation of a
straight line OP of fixed length r about the origin O of a
coordinate grid.

y Angles are then measured

P(x,
y) anticlockwise from the
r θ positive x-axis.
α
O x For any angle θ there is an
associated acute angle α
between the line OP and
the x-axis.
Remember ASTC

We can use ASTC to remember in which quadrant each of

the three ratios are positive.

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

S
Sine is positive A
All are positive

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

T
Tangent is positive C
Cosine is positive
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle

The sin, cos and tan of angles in the first quadrant are positive.

In the second quadrant: sin θ = sin α

cos θ = –cos α
tan θ = –tan α

In the third quadrant: sin θ = –sin α where α is the

cos θ = –cos α associated
tan θ = tan α acute angle.

In the fourth quadrant: sin θ = –sin α

cos θ = cos α
tan θ = –tan α
Sin, cos and tan of 45°

A right-angled isosceles triangle has two acute angels of 45°.

Suppose the equal sides are of

45° unit length.
1 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
The hypotenuse
45°
1
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and
tan 45°:

sin 45° = cos 45° = tan 45° = 1

Sin, cos and tan of 30°

Suppose we have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.

If we cut the triangle in half then we have

60° a right-angled triangle with acute angles
30° of 30° and 60°.
2 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
60° 60° The height of the triangle
1 2
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and
tan 30°:

sin 30° = cos 30° = tan 30° =

Sin, cos and tan of 60°

Suppose we have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.

If we cut the triangle in half then we have

60° a right-angled triangle with acute angles
30° of 30° and 60°.
2 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
60° 60° The height of the triangle
1 2
We can also use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos
and tan 60°:

sin 60° = cos 60° = tan 60° =

Sin, cos and tan of 30°, 45° and 60°

The exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of 30°, 45°
and 60° can be summarized as follows:

30° 45° 60°

sin

cos

tan

Use this table to write the exact value of cos 135°

cos 135° = –cos 45° =

Thank you !!!