CARMECINTA

ABAQUIN

PREPARE
ME
THEORY
I. Biography of the Theorist
Personal
 She was born on December 12, 1940 and died on April 8, 2021
 Started as a staff nurse and became the Head Nurse at Philippine
General Hospital
 Nurse with Master's and Doctoral Degree in Nursing obtained from
the university of the Philippines College of Nursing
 She is an expert of Medical Surgical Nursing With subspecialty
in Oncologic Nursing
 She had served UP college of nursing, her alma mater, as faculty
and held the position as Secretary of the College of Nursing.
Personal
 Started as a staff nurse and became the Head Nurse at
Philippine General Hospital
 Nurse with Master's and Doctoral Degree in Nursing
obtained from the university of the Philippines College of
Nursing
 She is an expert of Medical Surgical Nursing With
subspecialty in Oncologic Nursing
 She had served UP college of nursing, her alma mater, as
faculty and held the position as Secretary of the College of
Nursing.
Education
1969 She graduated Bachelor of Science in Nursing at
University of the Philippines
1975 Master’s Degree in Nursing obtained from the University
of the Philippines College of Nursing
2000 Doctor of Philosophy at University of The Philippines
Achievements
2019 She is Awarded PRC Professional of the Year
II. Acceptance By The
Nursing Community
A. Nursing Practice
• In addressing the problem of an individual, family, community, or the
society in different practice setting.
• In hospitals, health care clinics, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers,
and even birthing centers.
• In holistic approach, it can be applicable to clients’ health conditions
facing complex stressors.
• In helping nurses to formulate an approach that can prevent and
alleviate the client’s condition.
• In organizing a framework to plan care at primary, secondary, and
tertiary levels of prevention of health care facilities.
B. Nursing Education
• Neuman’s system model has been applicable in the academe
because of its holistic approach.
• It facilitated growth of nursing knowledge and practice as it is
integrated in nursing curriculum.
• Provides a direction to validate nursing roles and activities setting
its applicability beyond nursing practice.
B. Nursing Research
• Research incorporated the use of testing the efficacy and usefulness
of the model in different areas and scope of the nursing practice.
• It guides the enhancement of nursing care.
• Expanded the used of the model in the hospital, health clinics,
homes, community, and schools.
Assumptions in the Neuman’s
System Model
Assumptions
• Are the nursing interventions provided to address the multi-
dimensional problems of cancer patients.
• Can be given in any setting where patients choose to be confined.
• Emphasizes a holistic approach to nursing care.
• When the flexible line of defense is no longer capable of protecting
the client against an environmental stressor, the stressor breaks
through the normal line of defense.
III. Metaparadigm of the
Theory
Metaparadigm of the Theory
a. Nursing
b. Person
c. Health
d. Environment
A. Nursing
The goal of nursing care is the improvement of
quality of life for advance stage cancer patients
despite their current situation.
 – They are holistic being

B. Person with
physical, psychological,
social,
– Her theory is specific to patients in religious, level of
advanced stages of cancer. independence,
and environmental
– They are holistic being with
aspects.
physical, psychological, social,
religious, level of independence,
and environmental aspects.
– Patients who are terminally-ill or
those with incurable diseases as
with cancer must be approached
in multifaceted care to improve
their quality of life.
C. Health
Neuman considers health as dynamic in nature. A person’s health
depends upon which state of the health continuum they are in line
with, the person maybe in line with the state of wellness or illness.
The state of health varies according to the degree of reaction a
person has to environmental forces.
D. Environment
The environment consists of forces or stressors that interacts with
a person’s state of health. It can alter or improve the systems in
which a person exists. These stressors can be:
• Internal - exists within the client system.
• External - exists outside the client system.
• Created - used by the client to support protective coping.
Neuman’s System Model
Betty Neuman
The Neuman Systems Model
“The Neuman Systems Model is a unique, open-systems-based
perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide
range of concerns. A system acts as a boundary for a single client, a
group, or even a number of groups; it can also be defined as a social
issue. A client system in interaction with the environment delineates
the domain of nursing concerns.”

- Betty Neuman
The Neuman Systems Model
Major Concepts of Neuman’s
System Model
Major Concepts
1. Client System
2. Basic Structure
3. Lines of Resistance
4. Normal Line of Defense
5. Flexible Line of Defense
 Client System/ Person Variables
Neuman views the individual client holistically and considers
the variables simultaneously and comprehensively. The client
system or variables can be one or combination of the following:
• Physiological - body structure and function.
• Psychological - mental processes in interaction
with the environment.
• Sociocultural - effects and influences of social
and cultural conditions.
• Developmental - age-related processes and
activities.
• Spiritual - beliefs and influences.
The Neuman Systems Model
Basic Structure
Referred to as the central core which is made up of basic
survival factors common to human beings. These factors include
the system variables, genetic features and strengths and
weaknesses of the system parts.
Lines of Resistance
Act when the Normal Line of Defense is invaded by too much
stressor, producing alterations in the client’s health. It acts to
facilitate coping to overcome the stressors that are present within
the individual.
Normal Line of Defense
To achieve the stability of the system, the Normal Line of
Defense must act in coordination with the normal wellness state.
It is the baseline in determining the level of wellness of client
within the continuum of health.
Flexible Line of Defense
Serves as a boundary for the Normal Line of Defense to adjust
to situations that threaten the imbalance within the client’s
stability.
Subconcepts of Neuman’s
System Model
Subconcepts
1. Stressors
2. Degree of Reaction
3. Prevention as Intervention
4. Reconstitution
Stressors
Are forces that produce tensions, alterations or potential
problems causing instability within the client’s system. It can
provide either a positive or negative outcome. These stressors
may come from:
• Intrapersonal – occur within the client’s system.
• Interpersonal – occur between one or more individuals.
• Extrapersonal - occur outside the individual.
Degree of Reaction
Reactions are the outcomes of certain stressors and actions of
the lines resistance of a client. Neuman specified these reactions
as:
• Negentropy - set towards stability or wellness.
• Egentropy - set towards disorganization of the system
producing illness.
Prevention as Intervention
These are actions that generate good results or are aimed
towards hindering negative outcomes. There are three Levels of
Prevention according to this theory:

• Primary - focuses on foreseeing the result of an act or situation

and preventing its unnecessary effects as possible.
• Secondary - focuses on helping alleviate the actual existing
effects of an action that altered the balance of health of a
person.
• Tertiary - focuses on actual treatments to facilitate the
strengthening of person after being exposed to a certain disease
or illness.
Reconstitution
The adjustment state from the degree of reaction. It is a state
of going back to the actual state of health before the illness
occurred.
Analysis
• In reality, the individual resists stressors with internal and external
reflexes, which were made complicated by the formulation of
different resistance levels in Neuman’s open systems model.
• It can be more of help when Neuman has enumerated all the energy
sources that she is about. With such, new nursing interventions
regarding the provision of the client’s needed energy can be
conceptualized.
• The holistic and comprehensive view of the client system is associated
with an open system. Health and illness are presented on a continuum
with the movement toward health described as negentropic and
toward illness as entropic.
Strengths
• Its flexibility for use in all areas of nursing - administration,
education, and practice.
• Neuman has presented a view of the client equally applicable to an
individual, a family, a group, a community, or any other aggregate.
• The Neuman Systems Model, particularly presented in the model
diagram, is logically consistent.
• The emphasis on primary prevention, including health promotion,
is specific to this model.
• Once understood, it is relatively simple and has readily acceptable
definitions of its components.
Weaknesses
• The need for further clarification of the terms used.
• Interpersonal and extrapersonal stressors need to be more clearly
differentiated.
Conclusion
• The Neuman Systems Model is an appropriate model for
establishing a holistic approach towards the patients and guiding
nursing practices since it includes five major variables of
individuals through its open system properties.
• Explained how the system remains in balance against the stressor
by taking the system approach as the basis.
• Model considers the client's perceptions of needs and encourages
partnership with caregivers to maintain the wholistic goal of client
system optimal wellness.
Conclusion
• Designed to organize and direct care-giving activities with the
client as central focus.
• It can be used for defining intra-, inter- and extra-personal stressors
in nursing practices.
• Provides the nurse with a comprehensive assessment in terms of
caregiving and explains how the primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention interventions can be used in problem-solving
• Using the Model to help understand the environmental forces that
impact the client system will offer nurses insight into the family's
coping ability
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