Unit3 - Part 2

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING SCIENCE
UNIT - 3
MOTION AND POWER TRANSMISSION
Srinivasa Prasad K S
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Motion and Power Transmission
Problems on belt drive
And power transmitted by the belt is
P = (T1 -T2) V = (2000 – 865.8) 5.81 = 6589.7 W
P = 6.589 kW
Initial tension
5. Two pulleys mounted on two parallel shafts that are 2 m

apart are connected by a crossed belt drive. The diameters of
the two pulleys are 500 mm and 240 mm. Find the length of
the belt and the angle of contact between the belt of each
pulley. Also, fine the power transmitted if the larger pulley
rotates at 180 rpm and the maximum permissible tension in the
belt is 900 N. The coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.28

Solution
Given:
Find:
Length of cross belt
Lc = π (r1 + r2) + 2
L c=
Problems on belt drive M




 O1 
O2
A B
r1 x r2
Angle of contact
Where 
 

w.k.t or T1 = T2
900 = T2 900
= 2.67 T2
Therefore T2 = 337 N
Power transmitted
P = (T1 -T2) V = (900 – 337) 4.71
= 2651.73 W
or

6. The following data refers to an open belt drive.
Diameter of the driver pulley = 400 mm
Diameter of the driven pulley = 250 mm
Distance between the pulleys = 2 m
Coefficient of friction between smaller pulley surface and belt = 0.4
Maximum tension when the belt is on the point of slipping = 1200 N
Find the power transmitted at a speed of 10 m/sec. It is desired to
increase the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley surface
by 10%. How will it affect the power transmission?

Solution
Given:
Find: p =?
 E

M F
For open belt


D B  G
O1 O2
A
H
C
r1 x r2
Where
 
or

w.k.t or T 1 = T2
1200 = T2
1200 = 3.4 T2
Therefore T2 = 352.94 N
Power transmitted
P = (T1 -T2) V = (1200 – 352.94) 10 = 8471 W
or

But
or T1 = T2
1200 = T2
1200 = 3.84 T2
Therefore T2 = 312.5 N
Power transmitted
P = (T1 -T2) V = (1200 – 312.5) 10 = 8875 W
or
Hence the power transmission is increased to 8.875 W

Chain drives
• A chain is a Motion and Power Transmission element made
as a series of pin-connected links.
• When transmitting power between rotating shafts, the chain
engages mating toothed wheels, called sprockets.
Chain drives Cont…

• Chain drives are used for small center distances and are
meant for transmitting power at lower speeds, with the
consequent higher torques.
• They are employed in agricultural machinery, bicycles,
motorcycles, rolling mills, machine tools etc.
Chain Drive Applications

Automobile
Conveyer Excavators
Classification of Chains
The chains, on the basis of their use, are classified into -
1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains
2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains
3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains.


a. Chain with oval links
• The links of this type of chain are of oval shape
• The joint of each link is welded
• Such type of chains are used only at low speeds such as
in chain hoists and in anchors for marine works

b. Chain with square links
• The links of this type of chain are of square shape
• Such type of chains are used in hoists and cranes
• The manufacturing cost of this type of chain is less than that of
chain with oval links
2. Conveyor Chains
• These chains are used for elevating and conveying
the materials continuously
• The conveyor chains are of the following two types -
Detachable or hook joint type chain Closed joint type chain

3. Power Transmitting Chains

• These chains are used for transmission of power
• Use when the distance between the centres of shafts is short
• These chains have provision for efficient lubrication

3. Power Transmitting Chains Cont…
Power Transmitting Chains are classified as -

a. Block chain
• This type of chain was used in the early stages of
development in the power transmission
• It produces noise when approaching or leaving the teeth of the
sprocket because of rubbing between the teeth and the links
b. Bush roller chain

• It consists of outer plates or pin link plates, inner plates or
roller link plates, pins, bushes and rollers.
• A pin passes through the bush which is secured in the holes
of the roller between the two sides of the chain.
• The rollers are free to rotate on the bush which protect
the sprocket wheel teeth against wear
b. Bush roller chain Cont…
• A bush roller chain is extremely strong and

simple in construction
• It gives good service under severe conditions
Gear drives
• Machine elements that transmit the

motion and power between the
rotating shafts by means of
successively engaging teeth .
• Compact than the other drive systems
• More accurate Motion and Power
Transmission
• Less slippage
Gears in real time application
• Automobiles
• Machine systems
• Pumping systems
• Machine tools
• Timing and related equipment
Gears in real time application Pump

Automobiles
Watches Machines
Common forms of gear configuration
• Gears for connecting parallel shafts
• Gears for connecting intersecting shafts
• Gears for connecting neither parallel nor
intersecting shafts
Gear types for connecting parallel shafts
• Spur gears (internal and external)
• Parallel helical gears
• Double Helical/Herringbone gear

Spur gear Internal Gearing
• Teeth are parallel to the axis of shaft

• Internal gearing & External gearing
• Easy to find, inexpensive and efficient
External Gearing
Spur gear Cont…

• Can not be used when a direction change between
the two shafts is required
• Used for smaller speed due to noise creation at
higher Speed
• Examples- Gear boxes, Machine tools, Watches
Automobiles, Precision Measuring Instruments etc
Helical Gears
• Teeth are at an angle to the shaft
• They are longer than the teeth on spur gear
• Tooth strength is greater than spur
• Carry more load
• Due to longer length reduce efficiency
Helical Gears
Advantages
• It can be used on non parallel and even
perpendicular
• Shafts and can carry higher load than spur
Disadvantages
• More expensive and difficult to manufacturing
Double Helical/Herringbone gear

• They have a right hand helix and left hand helix
• The teeth of two rows separated by groove used
for tool run out
• Run at high speed with less noise and vibration
• They eliminate thrust load as in case of single helix
Gears for connecting interesting shafts
Bevel gear
• Transmit power between intersecting shaft
• Teeth of these gears are formed on conical surface
• More application in Automobile
• It can not be used for parallel shaft and becomes
noisy at high speed
Neither interesting nor parallel Shaft

Hypoid gear
• They are resembles spiral bevels
• There axes of the shafts do not intersect
• Used only the shafts of drive are non intersecting
and non parallel
• Used in Automobile differential unit
Worm gear
• It is combination of screw with helical gear
• The screw with one or more threads is called Worm
• They are used to achieve high velocity ratio
• That is they are mainly used to either increase or
decrease speed.
• Used in Lathe, milling . drilling machines etc
Rack and Pinion
• It is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair

of gears which convert rotational motion into linear
motion.
• A circular gear called pinion, engages teeth on a linear
gear called the rack
Pinion
Rack
Rack and Pinion

• Rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack
to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the
rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.
Gear Terminology
Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle,

which by pure rolling action would give the
same motion as on the actual gear. The
diameter of this circle is called the pitch
circle diameter or simply pitch diameter.
Gear Terminology
Circular Pitch: It is the distance measured on

the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on
the next tooth. It is denoted by Pc
𝜋𝐷

𝑃 𝑐=
𝑇
Where
D = Pitch circle diameter
T = Number of teeth on gear
Gear Terminology
Addendum circle: This is the circle,

which bounds the outer edges of the teeth of
a gear and its diameter. This is also known as
addendum circle or outside circle.
Addendum: It is the radial distance

between the pitch circle and the addendum
circle.
Gear Terminology
Dedendum Circle (Root circle) : It is

circle which passes through the root of
teeth. It is also called root circle.
Dedendum: It is the radial distance
between the pitch circle and the root circle.
Top land: The top land is the surface at

the top of the tooth.
Gear Terminology
Working depth: This is the distance of

engagement of two mating teeth and is equal to
the sum of the addendum’s of the mating teeth
of two gears.
Whole depth: This is the height of the tooth

and is equal to addendum plus dedendum.
Gear Terminology
Clearance: This is the radial distance

between the top land of a tooth and the
bottom land of a mating tooth space.
Face width: This is the width of the

gear and is the distance from one end of a
tooth to the other end. It is measured
parallel to the axis.
Gear Terminology
Fillet radius: It is the radius that connects
the root circle to the profile of the tooth.
Module (m): It is defined as the ratio
of pitch circle diameter to the number of
teeth of a gear.
𝐷
𝑚=
𝑇
Where
D = Pitch circle diameter
T = Number of teeth on gear
Gear Terminology
Backlash: It is difference between the tooth space and
the tooth thickness, as measured along the pitch circle
Types of gear trains
• Simple gear train

• Compound gear train
• Reverted gear train

• Epicyclic gear train
• Planetary gear train

Simple gear train

Compound gear train
Gear A – Driver Gear

Gear C&D – Compound Gear
Gear D – Driven Gear
Reverted Gear Train

Epicyclic Gear Train

Planetary gear train

Velocity ratio of gear drive
The ratio of the speed of driven shaft (output) to that of

driving shaft (input) is known as speed ratio or velocity ratio
output 𝜔 2 𝑑 1 𝑁 2
speedratio(𝑛)= = = =
input 𝜔1 𝑑2 𝑁 1
𝑵 2 𝒅1 𝑻 1
𝒏= = = [d = mT]
𝑵 1 𝒅2 𝑻 2
Train value
Train value is the product of the values of speed ratio (or

velocity ratio) for each gear train. Also it is the reciprocal of
velocity ratio
1 𝑻 2 𝑵 1 𝒅2
Train value = = = =
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑻 1 𝑵 2 𝒅1
Velocity ratio of Simple gear train

For pair 1 –
2:
1 N 2 T1
2
3 5

N1 T2
4
Driven gear
Driver gear
1 3
For pair 2 –
2
4 5
3:
Driven gear
N 3 T2

N 2 T3
5
For pair 3 – 4: Multiplying above equations, we get

For pair 4 – 5:
N4 T N 2 N3 N 4 N5 T T T T
 3 N 5 T4     1  2  3  4
N3 T4 
N 4 T5 N1 N 2 N3 N4 T2 T3 T4 T5
Velocity Ratio =
Velocity ratio of Compound gear train

For pair 1 –
2:
Input/driver T1
N 2 T1
shaft 1 1 Driver
gear
n1  
Shaft 1
2 T2
N1 T2
T3 2 Compound
Intermediate gear or For pair 3 –
shaft 3 3 intermediate
gears 4:
Shaft 2
4 T4 N 4 T3
4 n2  
N 3 T4
Shaft 3 Output/driven Driven
shaft gear
Multiplying these equations,

we get
N 2 N 4 T1 T3
n  n1  n1    
N1 N 3 T2 T4
Since, gears 2 and 3 are connected to the same shaft, N2 = N3.
Therefore,
Velocity Ratio =
Merits
• Compactness
• Greater speed amplification and reduction of
speeds
• Less slip
• Direct contact with the driver
Demerits
• Wear and tear

• Required coolant for reduction of heat
developed
• Back lash
• Noise and vibration
Problems on Gear Trains
1. A pinion of 40 teeth drives a gear wheel having 56 teeth

running at 400 rpm. Find the speed of the pinion and the
velocity ratio. And also find train value of the gears.
Solution
Given:
Find:
w.k.t Train value =

2. A compound gear train consists of 4 gears, P, Q, R, and S,

and they have 30, 40, 60, and 80 teeth respectively. P is
keyed to the driving shaft, and S is keyed to the driven shaft,
Q and R, are compound gears, Q meshes with P, and R
meshes with S. if P rotates at 200 rpm, find the rpm of S.
Solution
Given:
Find: =?
w.k.t
3. A pinion has 40 teeth of module 4 mm. find the pitch circle

diameter and circular pitch.
Solution
Given:
Find:
w.k.t
And
4. Two spur gears A and B connect two parallel shafts that are
450 mm apart. Gear A runs at double the speed of gear B.
Gear B runs at 150 rpm in the anti-clockwise direction. If the
circular pitch is given to be 20, calculate the number of teeth
on gears A and B

Solution
Given:
Find:
 ………(i)
w.k.t
or ……….(ii)

Substitute (ii) in (i)
From (ii)
Circular pitch is given by

5. Determine the train value for the gear train

shown in figure If the shaft carrying gear A
(Input) TA = 20
A
Shaft 1 A
rotates at 1750 rpm clockwise, compute the
B TB = 70 B
TC = 18
speed and direction of the shaft carrying gear
Shaft 2 C
C
D
TD= 22 D
E. Assume number of teeth on gears A, B, C,
Shaft 3
E T = 54
E
E
D and E as 20, 70, 18, 22 and 54,
Shaft 4
respectively.
(Output)

Solution
Given:
Find:
0.095
=

Unit3 - Part 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit3 - Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MECHANICAL

Problems on belt drive

And power transmitted by the belt is

P = (T1 -T2) V = (2000 – 865.8) 5.81 = 6589.7 W

Problems on belt drive

5. Two pulleys mounted on two parallel shafts that are 2 m

Problems on belt drive

Length of cross belt

Problems on belt drive M

Problems on belt drive

P = (T1 -T2) V = (900 – 337) 4.71

Problems on belt drive

Problems on belt drive

For open belt

Problems on belt drive

P = (T1 -T2) V = (1200 – 352.94) 10 = 8471 W

Problems on belt drive

P = (T1 -T2) V = (1200 – 312.5) 10 = 8875 W

Hence the power transmission is increased to 8.875 W

Chain drives Cont…

Chain Drive Applications

2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains

3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains.

1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains

1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains

Detachable or hook joint type chain Closed joint type chain

3. Power Transmitting Chains

• Use when the distance between the centres of shafts is short

• These chains have provision for efficient lubrication

3. Power Transmitting Chains Cont…

Power Transmitting Chains are classified as -

b. Bush roller chain

b. Bush roller chain Cont…

• A bush roller chain is extremely strong and

• Machine elements that transmit the

Gears in real time application

Gears in real time application Pump

Common forms of gear configuration

• Gears for connecting parallel shafts

• Gears for connecting intersecting shafts

• Gears for connecting neither parallel nor

Gear types for connecting parallel shafts

• Spur gears (internal and external)

• Parallel helical gears

• Double Helical/Herringbone gear

Spur gear Internal Gearing

• Teeth are parallel to the axis of shaft

Spur gear Cont…

Double Helical/Herringbone gear

Neither interesting nor parallel Shaft

Rack and Pinion

• It is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair

Rack and Pinion

Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle,

Circular Pitch: It is the distance measured on

Addendum circle: This is the circle,

Addendum: It is the radial distance

Dedendum Circle (Root circle) : It is

Top land: The top land is the surface at

Working depth: This is the distance of

Whole depth: This is the height of the tooth

Clearance: This is the radial distance