Topic 1.basic Data Comm

Chapter 1 (part 1)
BASIC CONCEPT OF
DATA COMMUNICATION
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
1
CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPT OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOME
• 1.1 Remember basic data communication system
• 1. 2 Understand data encoding
• 1. 3 Evaluate digital-to-digital encoding
• 1. 4 Understand Digital Modulation
2
Definition of Data Communication
Data
Communication
…………………. of …………. data

coding between ………….. via some
form of ………………………...
The system consists of group up the data,

processing the data and transmit the data
using a specified communication channel
3
BASIC CONCEPT OF DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Terminal Modem Transmission

Modem Terminal
Medium
DTE DCE DCE DTE
4
BASIC DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM cont….
Receiver /destination
 The device that receives the message.
a device to ……………………… and …………………
to the original signal.
5
BASIC DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM cont….
Repeater
A device to ……………..
…………. the signal.
6
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and
Data Communication Equipment (DCE)
DTE
A ................... equipment or ............... device for data
communications.
Consists of a ................... of data or ................ data or
both.
These tools may include an ...................................,
synchronization and identification capabilities of the
station.
Examples of DTE is the ...................., logical control,
visual display units and work station.
Example: a modem or data set.
DCE
Provided by authorities or by client communication network
itself.
DCE is capable of implementing, .........................
and ............................ a data
communication, ................................... and .................. needed
to make the relationship between the DTE and data circuits.
Internal or external parts of a computer.
Example: a ................... or data set. 7
DATA ENCODING
 There are four types of encoding techniques:
i. Digital data  Digital signal.

ii. Digital data  Analog signal.
iii. Analog data  Digital signal.
iv. Analog data  Analog signal.
 Digital data-to-digital signal:

Reason: equipment for encoding digital data into a digital
signal is less complex and less expensive than digital-to-
analog conversion.
8
DATA ENCODING cont…
 Digital data-to- analog signal:

Reason: Some transmission media, such as optical fiber
and the unguided media, will only propagate analog
signals.
 Analog data-to- digital signal:

Reason: Conversion of analog data to digital form permits the
use of modern digital transmission and switching equipment.
 Analog data-to-analog signal:

Reason: Analog data in electrical form can be transmitted as
baseband signals easily and cheaply.
9
There are several ways for encoding digital data to digital

signals:
Non-return to Zero (NRZ)
DATA
ENCODING
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
High Density Bipolar 3 –Zero (HDB3)
Multiline Transmission-3 Level (MLT-3)
Block Coding 4B/ 5B
10
There are several ways for encoding analog data to digital

signals:
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

DATA
ENCODING
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
11
There are several ways for encoding digital data to analog

signals:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
DATA
ENCODING
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
12
Digital to Digital Encoding
Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
•There are two types of NRZ encoding:
o Unipolar: ……… voltage level
o Bipolar: ……….. voltage level
•Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was design as a NRZ:

Input Output
Bit 0
Bit 1
13
Digital to Digital Encoding cont...
Non Return to Zero (NRZ) cont…
• Another scheme is Bipolar NRZ.
• Non Return to Zero Level (NRZ-L)
Input Output
Bit 0
Bit 1
• Non Return to Zero Invert (NRZ-I)

Input Output
Bit 0 ……………. voltage level
Bit 1 …………… voltage level
14
Return to Zero (RZ)
RZ uses there three voltage value: …………………………, zero

voltage (0V) and …………………………….
The signal changes not between bits but during the bit.
Input Output
Bit 0 Transition from …..in 1st half and …… in 2nd half.
Bit 1 Transition from ….. in 1st half and ….. in 2nd half.
15
Exercise Question
Apply NRZ unipolar, NRZ-L, NRZ-I and RZ encoding

technique to convert the given data:
0100
16
Solution Exercise Question:
17
Manchester Code
 There are two types of Manchester encoding:
• Manchester
• Differential Manchester
 Manchester coding consists of ……………………………. and

……. schemes.
• Every symbol has …………………. in the …………. from
high to low or low to high. Uses only two voltage levels.
Input Output
Bit 0 Transition from ….. in 1st half and ….. in 2nd half
Bit 1 Transition from ….. in 1st half and ….. in 2nd half
18
Manchester Code cont…

 Differential Manchester coding consists of ………………………
…………… and …….. schemes.
• Every symbol has a level ………………………………... but

the level at the beginning of the symbol is determined by the
symbol value. One symbol causes a level change the other
does not.
Input Output
Bit 0 ……………… voltage level
Bit 1 ……………… voltage level
19
Manchester Code cont…
20
Bipolar AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)

Input Output
Bit 0 ………………………..
Bit 1 ……………………………………………. voltages
for successive 1’s
21
Exercise Question:
Illustrate the following digital to digital data encoding for Non
Return to Zero - Level (NRZ-L), Non Return to Zero – Invert
(NRZ-I), Manchester, Differential Manchester and Alternate Mark
Inversion (AMI) when the data signal given is 0111
22
Digital to Digital Encoding
Solution Exercise Question :
23
High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding (HDB3)
The HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the

transmission of both positive and negative pulses).
 …………………………………….. level voltages are replaced

with a ……………. of …………. or ……………...
 The reason for two different substitutions is to maintain the even
number of nonzero pulses after each substitution.
 The two rules states as follows:

a) If the number of ………………….. after the last substitution is
…….., the substitution pattern will be ………., which makes
the total number of nonzero pulses ………...
b) If the number of ……………….. after the last substitution is
…….., the substitution pattern will be ………, which makes
the total number of nonzero pulses ………...
24
High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding (HDB3) cont…
25
Exercise Question:
Apply HDB3 encoding technique to convert the given data

below:
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
26
27
Multitransition Coding
 Because of synchronization requirements we ……….. …………...
This can result in very high bandwidth requirements more transitions
than are bits (e.g. mid bit transition with inversion).
 ………… can be created that are ………….. at the bit level

………………………. at bit boundaries. This results in a bandwidth
requirement that is equivalent to the bit rate.
28
Multitransition Coding cont…
Multiline Transmission-3 Level (MLT-3)

Signal rate is same as …………
But because of the ………………….., we have a periodic
signal for worst case bit pattern: ………..
This can be approximated as an analog signal a frequency
1/4 the bit rate
29
Block Coding
 For a code to be capable of ……………………, we need to add redundancy,
i.e., extra bits to the data bits.
 Synchronization also requires redundancy - transitions are important in the
signal flow and must occur frequently.
 Block coding is done in three steps: …………, ……………. and ……………….
 It is distinguished from multilevel coding by use of the slash - xB/yB.
 The resulting bit stream prevents certain bit combinations that when used with
line encoding would result in DC components or poor sync. quality.
30
Block Coding cont…
4B/ 5B
Block coding is normally referred to as mB/nB coding
it replaces each m-bit group with an
n-bit group.
31
4B/ 5B cont…
32
4B/ 5B cont…
 The mapping between 4-bit data values and 5-bit symbols

is fixed by the ……………………
33
Digital to Analogue Encoding
Information Signal is in …………. waveform. While Carrier signal is
in analog waveform. The output waveform is …………...
There are four basic technique for digital modulation .
34
Digital to Analogue Encoding cont....
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) - the …………………… of the

carrier is varied proportional to the information signal.
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) - the ……………………… of the
carrier is varied proportional to the information signal.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) - the ………………….. of the carrier is
varied proportional to the information signal.
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) - both
………………… ............................ are varied proportional to the
information signal.
35
Digital to Analogue Encoding cont...

 ASK is a process where the binary information signal directly
modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
 The carrier is transmitted when the modulating data is ‘one’ and
the carrier is rejected from transmission when the data is ‘zero’
Input Output
Bit 0 the amplitude of carrier signal is ……….
Bit 1 the carrier signal has the ……………..
36
Digital to Analogue Encoding cont...
37
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

 In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent
data. Amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain the
same.
Input Output
Bit 0 ………….. frequency .
Bit 1 ………….. frequency
38
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
39
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 The phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different
signal elements. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain
constant.
 As the input digital signal changes (i.e. changes from a ……… .
or from a …………….., the phase of the output carrier ………….
between two angles that are separated by ……………..).
40
Digital to Analog Encoding cont...
Exersice 5:
Apply ASK, FSK and PSK encoding technique to convert

the given data below:
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
41
Digital to Analog Encoding cont...
42

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Chapter 1 (part 1)

…………………. of …………. data

The system consists of group up the data,

Terminal Modem Transmission

DTE DCE DCE DTE

a device to ……………………… and …………………

to the original signal.

 There are four types of encoding techniques:

i. Digital data  Digital signal.

iii. Analog data  Digital signal.

iv. Analog data  Analog signal.

 Digital data-to-digital signal:

 Digital data-to- analog signal:

 Analog data-to- digital signal:

 Analog data-to-analog signal:

There are several ways for encoding digital data to digital

Block Coding 4B/ 5B

There are several ways for encoding analog data to digital

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

There are several ways for encoding digital data to analog

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

•Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was design as a NRZ:

• Non Return to Zero Invert (NRZ-I)

Return to Zero (RZ)

RZ uses there three voltage value: …………………………, zero

Apply NRZ unipolar, NRZ-L, NRZ-I and RZ encoding

Solution Exercise Question:

 Manchester coding consists of ……………………………. and

Manchester Code cont…

• Every symbol has a level ………………………………... but

Manchester Code cont…

Bipolar AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)

Illustrate the following digital to digital data encoding for Non

Return to Zero - Level (NRZ-L), Non Return to Zero – Invert

(NRZ-I), Manchester, Differential Manchester and Alternate Mark

Inversion (AMI) when the data signal given is 0111

The HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the

 …………………………………….. level voltages are replaced

 The two rules states as follows:

High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding (HDB3) cont…

Apply HDB3 encoding technique to convert the given data

Solution Exercise Question:

 ………… can be created that are ………….. at the bit level

Multiline Transmission-3 Level (MLT-3)

 The mapping between 4-bit data values and 5-bit symbols

There are four basic technique for digital modulation .

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) - the …………………… of the

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Apply ASK, FSK and PSK encoding technique to convert

Solution Exercise Question:

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