Harmonically

Excitation Vibration

Members:
Ortega, Gaudiosa
Estrera, Ken
Rivera, Teah Marie
Mangolare, Joseph
RicaBlanca,
Arriesgado, Jackylou
Harmonic excitation refers to a sinusoidal external force
of a certain frequency applied to a system. The response
of a system to harmonic excitation is a very important
topic because it is encountered very commonly and also
covers the concept of resonance.

Resonance occurs when the external excitation has the

same frequency as the natural frequency of the system. It
leads to large displacements and can cause a system to
exceed its elastic range and fail structurally. A popular
example, that many people are familiar with, is that of a
singer breaking a glass by singing. Harmonic excitation is
also commonly observed in systems that contain a rotating
mass for example tires, engines, rotors, etc.
 EQUATION OF MOTION
Equations of motion are equations that describe the
behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as
a function of time. More specifically, the equations of
motion describe the behaviour of a physical system as a set
of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables:
normally spatial coordinates and time are used, but others
are also possible, such as momentum components and time.
The most general choice are generalized coordinates which
can be any convenient variables characteristic of the
physical system. The functions are defined in a Euclidean
space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved
spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known,
the equations are the solutions for the differential
equations describing the motion of the dynamics.
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics
and kinematics. Dynamics is general, since
momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken
into account. In this instance, sometimes the term refers
to the differential equations that the system satisfies
(e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations),
and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.

However, kinematics is simpler as it concerns only variables

derived from the positions of objects, and time. In
circumstances of constant acceleration, these simpler
equations of motion are usually referred to as the SUVAT
equations, arising from the definitions of kinematic
quantities: displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final
velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t).
A differential equation of motion, usually identified as
some physical law and applying definitions of physical
quantities, is used to set up an equation for the problem.
Solving the differential equation will lead to a general
solution with arbitrary constants, the arbitrariness
corresponding to a family of solutions. A particular solution
can be obtained by setting the initial values, which fixes
the values of the constants.
 UNDAMPED SYSTEM
The mathematical model consists of a mass supported by a
weightless spring (Fig. 9.9) with single degree freedom.

Fig. 9.9: Free

vibrations-
undamped-mass
spring system
If z is the vertical displacement of the system from its
equilibrium position, and k is the spring constant,
applying Newton’s law of motion, the equation of motion
is

Eq. 9.10 is a homogeneous linear differential equation and

the solution is given by;
where, C1 and C2 are constants and can be evaluated from
the initial conditions of the system. The equation also
represents simple harmonic motion expressed by Eq. 9.7,
being the circular frequency. Therefore, the free
vibration of a mass resting on a spring and subjected to
inertial forces only can be represented by a simple
harmonic motion. in this case is called ‘Natural Circular
Frequency’ of the system.
 DAMPED SYSTEM
Assuming that in a system undergoing free vibrations
viscous damping is present, a “mass-spring dashpot”
system can serve as the relevant mathematical model for
analysis (Fig. 9.12). The ‘dashpot’ is the simplest
mathematical element to simulate a viscous damper. The
force in the dashpot under dynamic loading is directly
proportional to the velocity of the oscillating mass.
 The equation of motion is
(a) Mass-spring dash pot system
(b) Different damping conditions- over-damped and
critically damped systems
(c) Undamped system
This can be rewritten as

Let the solution to equation 9.25 be in the form

λ being a constant to be determined.

Substituting this in Eq. 9.25 we get
The roots of this equation are
Three possible case of damping arise from these roots,
these are:
Case-1: Roots are real and negative if

Since both λ1and λ2are negative, z will decrease

exponentially with time without any change in sign as shown
in Fig. 9.12(b). The motion is not periodic and the system is
said to be over-damped.
 Case-2: Roots are equal if

This is similar to the over-damped case except that it is

possible for the sign to change once as shown in Fig. 9.12 (b).
This is also not a periodic motion and with increase in time,
approaches zero. The value of ‘c’ for this condition is called
the ‘critical damping coefficient ‘cc’.

Using Eq. 9.13 we may write

cc is the limiting value for the motion
to be periodic.
 Case-3: Roots are complex conjugates if

By using Eq. 9.32 the roots λ1& λ2 become

where, and is called “Damping Ratio” or “Damping factor”

Substituting these into Eq. 9.30 and simplifying, the general

solution becomes

where C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants

 Eq. 9.35 indicates that the motion is periodic and the
decay in amplitude will be proportional to as shown by
the dashed curve in Fig. 9.12 (c). Further Eq. 9.35 indicates
that the frequency of free vibrations with damping is less
than the natural frequency for undamped free vibrations,
and that as D → 1, the frequency approaches zero. The
relation between these two frequencies is given by

where, ω = frequency of free vibration with damping. Fig.

9.12(c) shows that there is a decrement in the successive
peak amplitudes. Using Eq. 9.35, ratios of successive peak
amplitudes may be found.
 Let Z1 and Z2 be the amplitudes of successive peaks at
times 1 t & 2 t respectively as shown in Fig. 9.12 c.

‘Logarithmic Decrement’ is defined as

In words, logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural

logarithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitudes of
same sign in the decay curve obtained in free vibration with
damping.
δ is approximately 2πD, when D is small. Eq. 9.38 also
indicates that, in viscous damping, the ratio of amplitudes
of any successive peaks is a constant. It follows that the
logarithmic decrement may be obtained from any two peak
amplitudes Z1 and Z1+n from the equation,