Intermolecular Forces

of Attraction and
Properties of Substance
Lesson 4
Competency No.: S11/12PS-IIId-e-19
M
SLIDESMANIA.

Prepared by: 1
SHERYLP P. BARON
 OBJECTIVES

1. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces

2. Describe the following properties of substance and explain the

effect of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension,
viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and heat of vaporization
M
SLIDESMANIA.

2
 C o n c e p t s i n a B O X

Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
Forces

Intramolecular
Dipole-dipole H-bond London dispersion Ion -dipole
forces of attraction

Physical properties

Ionic bond Covalent bond

Boiling point, Material hardness

Melting point

Nonpolar covalent
Polar covalent bond
M
SLIDESMANIA.

bond

3
 What are Intermolecular
Forces?
M
SLIDESMANIA.

4
 Johannes Diderik van der Waals
● Solids that are held together by van der
Waals forces characteristically have lower
melting points and are softer than those
held together by stronger ionic, covalent
and metallic bonds.

● The forces are named for the Dutch

physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals,
who in 1873 postulated these
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

intermolecular forces in developing a Van der Waals forces – are relatively weak
theory to account for the properties of real electric forces that attract neutral molecules to
gases one another in gases, in liquefied, solid gases
and in almost all organic liquids and solids.

5
 Electrical Attractions Between Submicroscopic
Particles
Attraction Relative Strength

1. Ion-dipole Strongest

2. Dipole-dipole

3. Dipole-induced dipole

4. Induced dipole-induced dipole Weakest

M
SLIDESMANIA.

6
 1. Ion-dipole Forces
● involves cations and anions that are not electricality neutral
atoms. Cations are attracted to the negative end of the molecule
and anions bearing the negative charge, are attracted to the
positive end of the dipole.

● exists between ions and polar molecules such as in brine

solution shown in Figure 5 (table salt (NaCl) and water (H20)).
The degree of ion dipole strength is dependent on the size of the
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

particle, the charge of the ions, and the dipole moment of the
polar molecule. The larger these quantities, the stronger the ion-
dipole force.

7
 2. Hydrogen Bonding
● is a special type of intermolecular force of attraction.
It exists whenever hydrogen atom is bonded with
oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine atoms.
● Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the
strong tendencies of F, O, and N to attract the
electron towards it.
● In turn, this makes hydrogen a large partial positive
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

ion that strongly attracts negative neighboring atoms.

Figure 4 shows hydrogen bonds in water (H2O)
molecules.

8
 Electronegativity (EN)

● Measure of the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when

chemically combined with another atom. The higher the value of electronegativity,
the more it tends to attract electrons toward itself.

● Is a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons in

covalent bond.

● Electronegativity is a periodic property and increases from bottom to top within a

group and from left to right across a period.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

9
 10
SLIDESMANIA.
M
 3. Dipole-dipole Forces
● Occurs between polar molecules. This is due to partial positive
pole and the partial negative pole of the molecule.
● A polar molecule is soluble only in another polar molecule; a
nonpolar molecule is only miscible in a nonpolar molecule (like
dissolves like).
ex. Oil & water (oil-nonpolar substance; water – polar substance)

● Figure 3. Hydrogen atom contains the partial positive charge

M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

while chlorine atom bears the partial negative charge.

11
 4. Dispersion Forces or London dispersion
Forces
● Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules. It is very weak and acts in a very small distance.
● It is formed due to the attraction between the positively charge nucleus of an atom
with the negatively charge electron cloud nearby atom.
● Present only on forces existing among atoms in noble gases a nonpolar molecular
compound.
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

12
 Table 3-3
Summary of Intermolecular Forces of Attractions

Intermolecular Forces of Types of Substance that

Attraction Exhibit Attraction

London dispersion Exist in all atom, molecules, and

ions; present in all substance

Hydrogen Arise when molecules have N-H,

O-H, and H-F bonds
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

Dipole-dipole Arise between molecules that

have permanent dipoles

13
 General
Properties of
Substance
M
SLIDESMANIA.

14
 Surface Tension

● the property of liquid to resist an external force. Liquids that have strong
intermolecular forces, like the hydrogen bonding in water, exhibit the greatest
surface tension.
● Examples:
- Formation of liquid droplets
- The ability of needle to float in water
- Why bubbles are round
M
SLIDESMANIA.

15
 Surface Tension
● the property of liquid to resist an external force. Liquids that have strong
intermolecular forces, like the hydrogen bonding in water, exhibit the greatest
surface tension.

● Examples:
- formation of liquid droplets
- the ability of needle to float in water
- why bubbles are round
M
SLIDESMANIA.

16
 Viscosity

● the resistance of liquid to flow. When the intermolecular forces of attraction are
strong within a liquid, there is a larger viscosity.

● Examples:
- honey
M
SLIDESMANIA.

17
 Boiling point

● the temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure is equal to the external or

atmospheric pressure. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the
boiling point.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

18
 Vapor Pressure

● the pressure exerted by a liquid’s vapor when in equilibrium with its liquid or
solid. The relationship of the intermolecular force of attraction and vapor
pressure is inversely proportional since molecules that are strongly attracted to
one another have difficulty in escaping as a gas, hence the vapor pressure is low.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

19
 Heat of Vaporization (∆Hvap)
● the amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of a substance at its boiling
point. Just like the rest of the properties except vapor pressure, intermolecular
force of attraction and this property are directly proportional.

● For instance, water needs higher amount of energy (heat) to vaporize compared
to methane. Water has hydrogen bond (H-bond) which is stronger compared to
dispersion force existing between methane molecules.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

20
 Boiling Point
● Molecules with weak intermolecular forces are easy to separate. High boiling
point indicates STRONG intermolecular forces; molecules are difficult to
separate.

Melting Point
● Molecules with weak intermolecular forces are easy to separate. A high melting
point indicates STRONG intermolecular forces; molecules are difficult to
separate. Melting, boiling, and freezing points increase as intermolecular forces
increase.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

21
 Freezing Point
● Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces are pulled together tightly to
form a solid at higher temperatures, so their freezing point is higher. Molecules
with lower intermolecular forces will not solidify until the temperature is
lowered further.
Solubility
● The stronger the intermolecular forces between solute molecule and solvent
molecule, the greater the solubility of the solute in the solvent
M
SLIDESMANIA.

22
 Student Practice
M
SLIDESMANIA.

23
 Activity Directions: Match the following descriptions in Column A with the terms found
in Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the

1: number.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

24
 Activity Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your answer

2: on the space provided before the number.

M
SLIDESMANIA.

25
 Activity Directions: Complete the table by supplying the possible
intermolecular forces of attraction present in the following atoms
3: and molecules.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

26
 Activity Direction: Create a concept map on the different properties of
liquids and how intermolecular forces of attraction affect those
4: properties.
M
SLIDESMANIA.

27
 Activity Complete the paragraph below by filling in the blanks with correct
terms contained in the word pool. Write your answer on the
5: blank.

Intermolecular forces of attraction are the attractions (1) ______________ molecules which determine many of the physical
properties of a substance. This force of attraction is generally (2) ______________ compared to covalent, ionic, and metallic bond.
There are four types of intermolecular force of attraction. London dispersion force is the only attractive force between (3)
______________ molecules and it arises from continous movement of electrons in particles. (4) ______________ force exists
between polar molecules because polar molecules have permanent dipole moment. (5) ______________ bonding exists whenever
Hydrogen is bonded with Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Fluorine atoms while Ion-dipole force exists between (6) ______________ and
polar molecules. These intermolecular forces affect different types of (7) ______________ such as water. Water possesses unique
attributes such as its capability to exist in three states – solid, liquid, and (8) ______________ under normal condition. (9)
______________ is the property of liquid to resist an external force while viscosity is the resistance of liquid to flow. The
temperature at which a liquid’s (10) ______________ is equal to the external or atmospheric pressure is called boiling point. Vapor
Pressure is the pressure exerted by a liquid’s vapor when in (11) ______________ with its liquid or solid whereas Heat of
M
SLIDESMANIA.

Vaporization is the amount of (12) ______________ required to vaporize one mole of a substance at its boiling point.

28
 Source: “Intermolecular Forces.” Chemistry
LibreTexts, accessed August 06, 2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chem
istry/Chemistry_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liq
uids_and_Solids/10.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces.
Reference Source: “Properties of Liquids.” Chemistry LibreTexts,
s accessed August 6, 2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arka
nsas_Little_Rock/Chem_1403%3A_Genera
l_Chemistry_2/Text/11%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_an
d_Liquids/11.06%3A_Properties_of_Liquids.)
M
SLIDESMANIA.CO

29
 30
THANK YOU!
SLIDESMANIA.
M