CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Automotive Engineering
Fundamental
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Definition
Automobile
By language

Automatic Moving
By term,
A self-propelled vehicle that travel on land or a
wheel vehicle carrying it’s own motive power unit
that travel on land
Engine
The use of automobile: to transport people and
items from one location to another location.
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Automobile engineering

A branch of engineering which deals with

designing, manufacturing and operating
automobiles such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, etc.

A.Idris UniKL MSI

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FHWA vehicle classification definitio

ns.
FHWA - Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology.
U.S. Department of Transportation

Refrence:
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/13091/002.cf
m
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Land Vehicle
 Automobile  Skateboard
 Auto rickshaw  Snowmobile
 Bicycle  Sled
 Bus  Steam car
 Coach  Steam tricycle
 Electric vehicle  Train
 Land yacht  Tram
 Motorcycle  Tricycle
 Motorcycle sidecar  Truck
 Quadracycle  Van
 Rickshaw  Velomobile
 Road train
Vehicle classification 6
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Automotive System
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Automotive Construction
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Definition of Automobile Systems

According to Crouse & Anglin (Automotive Mechanics, McGraw Hills)

An engine, or power plant - produces power to move the vehicle.

A power train -to carry the power from the engine to the drive wheels

A suspension system - absorbs the shock of the tires and wheels meeting pumps and holes in the
road.

A steering system – so the driver can control the direction of vehicle travel.

A braking system – so the driver can slow and stop the vehicle

An electrical system – to provide electricity for cranking the engine, charging the battery, and
powering the light and other electrical equipment.

A body, that provides enclosures or compartments for the engine, passenger, luggage, cargo
and etc.
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Internal Vs External
Combustion Engines
Internal combustion External combustion engines
engines
 Combustion outside the
 Combustion inside the cylinder
cylinder  Requires more space
 Requires less space  Working temperature
 Working temperature comparatively low
high  Mostly double acting
 Engine is single casting  Comparatively heavier and
 Light and Cheap costlier
 High speed engine  Low speed engine
 Immediate starting and  Can be started only after
stopping possible preparation of steam and it
takes sufficient time.

S.I Vs C.I Engines
Spark ignition Engine
•Fuel: petrol (gasoline)
•Fuel + Air -> enter cylinder->
ignited by spark
•Two ways;-2-stroke or 4-
stroke cycles
•Compression ratio: 9:1
•lighter liquid fuel than
diesel.
•Same size as diesel engine
but petrol engine is lighter
than diesel engine.
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Compression Ignition Engine
•Fuel: diesel
•Air->enter cylinder during intake
stroke & compressed during
compression stroke
•Fuel injected or sprayed into
comb. Chamber. (no spark
ignition=high temp. & pressure to
move piston)
•Two ways;-2-stroke or 4-stroke
cycles
•Compression ratio: 16:1
•Runs on less volatile, heavier
liquid fuel than petrol.
•Same size as petrol engine but
diesel engine is heavier than
petrol engine.
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Major differences between diesel and gasoline engines

Item Diesel Engine Gasoline Engine
Thermodynamic efficiency ~35-40% ~22-25%
Ignition Compression heat (Internal) Ignition System (External)
max. revolutions per minute ~4500 ~5500
(rpm)
Compression ratio ~22:1 ~10:1
Emission
HC+NOx ~1,10g/km ~1,4g/km
SO2 + Particle ~0,22g/km -
CO ~1,00g/km ~2,7g/km

Development steps of diesel engine control systems

Distributor Pump Distributor Pump Common Rail Direct Injection

(Conventional) (Electronic Controlled) (CRDI)
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Two-stroke Engine Cycle

 A two-stroke engine, in this case with a tuned expansion pipe illustrating the
effect of a reflected pressure wave on the fuel charge. This feature is essential for
maximum charge pressure (volumetric efficiency) and fuel efficiency.
 It is used on most high-performance engine designs.
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Two-stroke
 Engines based on the two-stroke cycle use two strokes (one up, one down)
for every power stroke.
 Since there are no dedicated intake or exhaust strokes, alternative methods
must be used to scavenge the cylinders.
 The most common method in spark-ignition two-strokes is to use the
downward motion of the piston to pressurize fresh charge in the
crankcase, which is then blown through the cylinder through ports in the
cylinder walls.
 Spark-ignition two-strokes are small and light (for their power output), and
mechanically very simple. Common applications include snowmobiles,
lawnmowers, chain saws, jet skis, mopeds, outboard motors and some
motorcycles.
 Unfortunately, they are also generally louder, less efficient, and far more
polluting than their four-stroke counterparts, and they do not scale well to
larger sizes.
 Interestingly, the largest compression-ignition engines are two-strokes,
and are used in some locomotives and large ships.
 These engines use forced induction to scavenge the cylinders.
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Four-stroke Engine Cycle

 Four stroke used in gasoline engine
 The right blue sigh is the intake and the left
yellow side is the exhaust. The cylinder wall is a
thin sleeve surrounded by cooling water
 Four stroke internal combustion engine, Otto
principle:
1. Suction/Intake stroke - Air and vaporised
fuel are drawn in.
2. Compression stroke - Fuel vapor and air
are compressed and ignited.
3. Power stroke - Fuel combusts and piston is
pushed downwards.
4. Exhaust stroke - Exhaust is driven out.
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Four-stroke

 Engines based on the four-stroke cycle or Otto cycle have one power stroke
for every four strokes (up-down-up-down) and are used in cars, larger
boats and many light aircraft.

 They are generally quieter, more efficient and larger than their two-stroke
counterparts.

 There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the Atkinson
and Miller cycles.

 Most truck and automotive Diesel engines use a four-stroke cycle, but
with a compression heating ignition system it is possible to talk
separately about a diesel cycle.
Basics about combustion of Diesel
20 Engine

Fuel
Pressure Temperature
Air

1. Intake stroke 2. Compression stroke

Diesel Fuel

3. Injection (Ignition)/ 4. Exhaust stroke

Combustion
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Future car technologies

 Automobile propulsion technology under development include
gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles,
hydrogen cars, biofuels, and various alternative fuels.

 Research into future alternative forms of power include the development

of fuel cells, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI),
stirling engines,and even using the stored energy of compressed air or
liquid nitrogen.

 New materials which may replace steel car bodies include duraluminum,
fiberglass, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes.

 Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to share cars,

on a pay-as-you-go basis, through such schemes as City Car Club in the
UK, Mobility in mainland Europe, and Zipcar in the US.
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Engine System
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Engine components
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Suspension System
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Brake System
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Electric & Electronic System

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Chassis, Body & Styling

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