Internet of

Thin g s
A N EW G EN ERA TIO N TEC HN O LO G Y
 Contents
 Basic introduction

 Definition

 History of IoT

 Fe ature of IoT

 Life Cycle of IoT

 Archite cture of IoT

 Compone nt of IoT

 Application of IoT

 Challe nge s of IoT

 IoT Se curity

 Future Scope of
IoT

 Conclusion

 References
 Intro d u c tio
n
Basic Introduction:
In previous years technology is focus on connecting human through internet with video calls and chats.
But now to make human more comfortable computer science develop a new technology to connect
things of real world through internet.
This Technology is develop so that human make minimum efforts and save time and it helps in increase
the productivity and use resources efficiently.
 D e finitio
n
▶ “ The Internet of things(IOT) refers to the ever

growing network of physical things that feature an IP

address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occur between these objects and
another internet enabled devices.”
“ IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure and
resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and
economic benefit.”
 History of
IoT
▶ The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in
1999, through the Auto-ID centre at MIT and related market-
analysis publications.
▶ “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during
his work at Procter & Gamble. Ashton who was working in supply
chain optimization, wanted to attract senior management’s attention
to a new exciting technology called RFID
▶ Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite
for the IoT at that point.
▶ If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with
identifiers, then computers could manage and inventory them.
▶ Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved
through such technologies as near field communication, barcodes,
QR codes, Bluetooth, and Digital watermarking.
Why Internet of Things
 Features of IoT
1. AI (Artificial Intelligence) :
 IoT technically makes things smart, meaning that it enhances different aspects of life
through proper usage of that data, networks, and algorithms.
 This can range from something as simple as improving or enhancing your refrigerator
by embedding it with sensors that automatically detect when milk and eggs run low,
to placing an order with your choice of the grocer.
2. Connectivity:
 The notion of networking doesn’t always have to restrict to large networks, it
can also exist on a smaller and cheaper scale without compromising its
efficiency.
 IoT comes into the picture and creates these small networks between its
system devices.
3. Sensors :
 The true essence of IoT would not hold effective without sensors. They are basically
the reason and the crux of why this technology stands out.
 They play a major role in defining boundaries of IOT by converting it from a passive
to an active network.
 Features of IoT

4. Active Engagement :
 Today’s interaction between different connected technologies happens through
passive engagement.
 IoT has set an example by bringing in active content, product, or service
engagement.

5. Devices :
 Devices are more powerful, cheaper and smaller over time, Internet of Things
purposely makes use of small devices to deliver its scalability, versatility, and
accuracy.
 Internet of Things Life Cycle

An IoT system is comprised of connected devices that are frequently sending data about
their status and environment around them.
• Collect: The life cycle of IoT starts with collecting data from different sources deployed
in a particular region. These sources could be any sensors or device capable of
transmitting data connected to a gateway. Data are efficiently collected and passed
forward through a communication channel for analysis.
• Communicate: This phase involves secure and reliable transfer of data. Routers,
switches and firewall technologies play a vital role in establishing communication
between devices. The Data is sent to the cloud or other data centers using the internet
which is our major means of communication in IoT.
• Analysis: This phase is an important part of the IoT lifecycle. In this phase data
collected from different sensor devices are collected and analyzed based on the use case
to extract some useful output/information.
• Action: This is the final stage of IoT lifecycle. Information obtained by the analysis of
sensor data is acted upon and proper actions and measures are taken based on the
analysis result.
 Architecture of IoT
There is 4 layers are present that can be divided as follows: Sensing
Network
Layer, Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application
Layer.
These are explained as following below.

1. Sensing Layer –
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or
Actuators accepts data(physical/environmental parameters), processes data and
emits data over network.

2. Network Layer –
• Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in
this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and conversion function
(Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of
sensors to digital data etc.).
• Advanced gateways which mainly opens up connection between Sensor
networks and Internet also performs many basic gateway functionalities
like malware protection, and filtering also some times decision making
based on inputted data and data management services, etc.
 Architecture of IoT

3. Data processing Layer –

This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-
processed before sending it to data center from where data is accessed by
software applications often termed as business applications where data is
monitored and managed and further actions are also prepared. So here Edge
IT or edge analytics comes into picture.

4. Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or cloud is
management stage of data where data is managed and is used by end-user
applications like agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.
 Component of IoT

1. Sensors or End Devices:

 This is most important component to sense any device. Sensors capture
electric pulse or analog signals which are passed through the IoT ecosystems.
 Based on the use case and domains RFID, temperature sensors, light sensors,
electromagnetic sensors, etc. are used.
 For example, smartphones and smart wearables are equipped with sensors like
accelerometer, Gyroscope sensors, etc. Data obtained from these IoT
endpoints can be used in various domains like Human activity recognition,
medical stability, etc.
2. Network or Connectivity Layer:
 sensors are connected with computation layers and intelligent layers via
network or connectivity layers.
 IoT endpoints need to be always connected with various other
components
seamlessly over the connectivity layer.
 An IoT network consists of various network components
like routers,
gateways, switches, various network protocols, etc.
 Component of IoT

3. Security Layer :
 The heart of any industry-grade IoT user is ‘data’. In a standard use case, analog or digital signal is acquired by
sensors and the signal is then converted to a format on top of which AI/ML components can work.
 In the total flow of data, proper security systems and methodologies need to be enforced. The data can be
compromised in any layers starting from the data acquisition to business insights derivations.
 We can enforce proper security by using strong encryption in various layers of communication, using proper firmware and anti-
malware systems, etc.
4. Compute Engines:
 IoT systems typically use multiple technology stacks inside an umbrella.
 For example in insurance premiums can be calculated as a variable component as per the driving pattern of the insurer.
 The data collected from smart devices are converted and preprocessed to a format on which machine learning models are
developed. Customers can use any cloud partners of their choice or develop their own infrastructure to execute a use case.
 Component of IoT

5. Technology and Governance Standard:

Many sensitive information flow over the various components of the IoT ecosystem. To cope up with this the systems (in securi ty term)
need to adhere to proper technique and governance standard and KPIs.
 Typical Technical standards: Wi-Fi, WAN, etc.
 Network Protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, UDP, etc.
 Data management standards: ETL, CAP (for distributed systems), etc.
6. Intelligent Insights and Actions:
 Most of the practical IoT use cases are intended to derive business insights or actionable recommendations. The preprocessed
data need to be integrated with ML components and the trained models are deployed to the production environment.
 For example in the heavy manufacturing industry, the data obtained from various machinery can be used to predict the fault of the
machine which can help to reduce manufacturing downtime and increase efficiency.
 Different ways for connectivity

1. Ethernet
The Ethernet is defined as the type of system that is used for reliably knowledge. In the IoT applications, the LPWAN plays an important role.
connecting the things to form the local area network. The systems By using this system, the monitoring can be done easily as the rural areas,
are connected via the internet to form the cluster. offshore areas and the areas that are not accessible can be monitored using
LPWAN.
As the systems are connected by the hardwire therefore no issue of
security in Ethernet.

2. Wi-Fi
The Wi-Fi is another wireless system that is used for providing internet
services to the devices. In the Wi-Fi system, the dependency of the
hard- wiring system is not there and the communication is done
wireless. The Wi-Fi technology is comparatively faster to Ethernet.

3. LPWAN
The full form of LPWAN is Low power wide area network. The
LPWAN
is not preferred by the customers as many customers don’t have the
proper
 Different ways for connectivity

4. Cellular
 The cellular is the most prominent technology that is used to
cover all the areas as the coverage area of cellular technology is
vast.
 The cost of the cellular system is comparatively higher to other
systems but for a long-range, the cellular system is the best option.
 The user needs to get the services from the provider as own
network cannot be established and it requires government license.
6. Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is another type of wireless medium that has a very
small range of around 100 meters.
 The Bluetooth is used in connecting phones with laptops or
with speakers and other devices. The power consumption for
Bluetooth technology is very less compared to other
systems.

5. Satellite
 As the cellular network is used for covering maximum are but when
there is the requirement to cover the desolate areas the satellite
system is used.
 The satellite system is used for IoT applications like shipping
logistics. The satellite provides signals to ship to navigate in the sea.
 The satellite system is not accessible for a normal person as the
system is very costly and can be afforded by large organizations
only
.
A p p licatio n o f IoT : Perso na l
Use
 A p p licatio n o f IoT : Educatio n
Sec to r
1. Attendance Management: IoT makes teacher work easy. In older times teacher have to take attendance one by one of each
student. This process takes a lot of time. But by using IoT we make this task easy. For example we can use face recognition
algorithm or biometric attendance student just have to put his or her thumb and attendance will be done.

2. Examination: During an examination, IoT embedded LCD screen can detect excess noise in a particular classroom and display
warning messages. Events such as the annual day or sports day registration can be easily managed with the help of the IoT
ecosystem.

3. Notes: Taking notes is no longer writing down on a piece of paper, with the advancement in IoT students can read out loud and
voice-based application converts the speech to text and saves them in the digital notebook.

4. Health Monitoring: With the help of wearable devices, student’s health can be regularly monitored and can detect physiological
signals over time. With the help of IoT, signs of depression and suicidal intentions can be detected in students and thus giving enough time
for preventing any tragedy.
The system further considers individual student’s health information such as their medical history, blood pressure, and prescription to detect
any signs of depleting health and inform the staff and their parents on the mobile application by raising an alarm.
 A p p licatio n o f IoT :
Tra nsp o rta tio n
1. Information of vehicles and Entertainment : External sensors and cameras track the condition of the vehicles and send the data
to the user on a mobile app.
If a car is about to be hijacked the owner receives an alert on the phone and GPS device enables the car to be tracked and
traced
from a remote location.
Accessibility to the voice-command-based application permits a person to play their favorite music, watch a video, or listen to calls
with just voice commands.

2. Transport Monitoring System : Implementing smart decisions has now become a must with real-time tracking. The
Automated Fleet
management system links vehicles and tracks the driver’s actions and behavior.
This helps to know exactly where vehicles and drivers are and to identify any issue and take necessary precautions
3. Toll : Many of today’s modern vehicles are equipped with IoT connectivity. A vehicle can be detected up to a kilometer away from a
tolling station, correctly identified and the barrier lifted for the vehicle to pass through.
Alternatively, for older vehicles, a registered smartphone could serve the same purpose, taking automatic payment from the
digital wallet linked on the phone.
 A p p licatio n o f IoT : G o vernm ent
Sec to r
1. Infrastructure Management :
 To ensure the effective functioning of these systems, governments can use IoT enabled maintenance and monitoring.
 For instance, IoT sensors can constantly analyze railway lines and engines for any defects or really sounds of failure and notify the
authorities and the concerned staff for prompt repairs.
 They can also constantly monitor and regulate power supply through nation-wide power grids, and help in identifying
impending
break-downs.

2. Law Enforcement :
 IoT enabled surveillance systems can provide continuous, real-time intelligence.
 These systems, powered by machine and deep learning algorithms, can not only gather video and audio footage but also analyze it for
threats.
 They can notify concerned personnel upon discovery of potentially harmful situations, which can be looked into and prevented in
time.
 A p p licatio n o f IoT :
A g ric u lture
Smart farming through the use of IoT technologies will help farmers to reduce generated wastes and enhance productivity. That can come from the
quantity of fertilizer that has been utilized to the number of journeys the farm vehicles have made.

1. Drones for Agriculture : The farmers through drones can enter the details of what field they want to survey. Select an altitude or ground
resolution from which they what data of the fields.
From the data collected by the drone, useful insights can be drawn on various factors such as plant counting and yield prediction, plant health indices,
plant height measurement, nitrogen content in wheat, drainage mapping, and so on.
 A p p licatio n o f IoT :
A g ric u lture
2.Livestock Monitoring : IoT applications help farmers to collect data regarding the location, well-being, and health of their cattle. This
information helps them in identifying the condition of their livestock.
Such as, finding animals that are sick so, that they can separate from the herd, preventing the spread of the disease
to the entire cattle.
The feasibility of ranchers to locate their cattle with the help of IoT based sensors helps in
bringing down labor costs by a substantial amount.
3.Smart Greenhouses : Different sensors that measure the environmental parameters according to the plant requirement are used for controlling
the environment in a smart greenhouse. Then, a cloud server create for remotely accessing the system when it connects using IoT.
Inside the greenhouse, the cloud server helps in the processing of data and applies a control action. This design provides optimal and cost-
effective
solutions to the farmers with minimal and almost no manual intervention.
One example of this is Illuminum Greenhouses which is an Agri-Tech greenhouse organization and uses technologies and IoT for providing
services. The greenhouse state and water consumption can supervise with these sensors through sending SMS alerts to the farmer with an
online portal.
 Challenges In
IoT
1. Scalability:
Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes of data are needed to be processed. The system that stores,
analyses the data from these IoT devices needs to be scalable. In present, the era of IoT evolution everyday objects are connected with each
other via Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices need big data analytics and cloud storage for interpretation of useful data.

2. Interoperability:
Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies need to be converged. Which would help us in establishing a
common framework and the standard for the IoT devices. As the standardization process is still lacking, interoperability of IoT with legacy
devices should be considered critical. This lack of interoperability is preventing us to move towards the vision of truly connected everyday
interoperable smart objects.

3. Lack of government support:

Government and Regulatory bodies like FDA should come up and bring up regulations by setting up a standard committee for safety and
security of devices and people.

4. Design Based Challenge:

With the development in technology design challenges are increasing at a faster rate. There have been issues regarding design like limited
computation power, limited energy and limited memory which need to be sorted out.
 IoT Security

IoT Security is a technology which is protecting both hardware and software-connected devices and framed networks in the Internet of Things. IoT is
the
mechanism that is established between digital machines and connected devices.
It is an interrelated system in which each thing has a unique identifier and automatically transfers data and operates the system which works in
cyberspace. But it is not safe to leave the devices open because hackers or viruses can easily attack or snip the data of the concerned person or user.
Different Security issues :
 Measures Taken for Secure IoT
Devices
• Integrating security at an initial phase of the design.
• Giving strong passwords or biometrics or cryptographic algorithms.
• Installing digital certificates and Public key infrastructure.
• Building a firewall between the connected devices.
• Providing a user with unique identity management.
• Incorporating hardware security by tamper-proof devices.
• Providing strong network security by blocking unauthorized IP and ensuring all the systems up to date.
• By patch management like continuous software updates.
• Well-skilled developers and programmers working as integrated teams.
• The Consumer must be educated to handle the IoT ecosystem efficiently.
 Challenges in
Security
1. Improper Testing : IoT components and manufacturers are always interested to deliver their products as soon as possible.
 To cope up with the market needs in many cases vendors ignore proper testing and finding security loopholes in their systems.
 This may lead to compromise the security needs. These are the main reasons for which traditional sectors like Insurance and BFS which deal
with sensitive data are still far away from using these systems.

2. Reuse Legacy System : The initial cost of setting and maintaining IoT infrastructure is too high. Also, there are sectors like telecom where
the cost of legacy infrastructure is too high to completely replace with newer ecosystems.
 To maintain a balance between them, many times carriers go for reusing the legacy infrastructure for newer purposes.
 Though these legacy systems serve the purpose, they were not designed to cope up with modern security threats. This may lead the ill
practitioners to gain illegal backdoor access to the organizational system.

3. Use of Default Password : A lot of IoT devices are configured with an initial common password that is generic to the vendors.
 When these devices are hooked with an existing ecosystem, users sometimes leave the password unchanged. Alternatively without
proper maintenance policy users set an initial password and forget. This makes system open for hackers.
 Disadvantages
1. Privacy Issue :
With the advancement in technology and social media, user’s data is always available on the internet and
with the things being connected with the internet, hackers are provided with yet another tool to be able to
break into the network and steal the information.
one might want some space in life that is personal, so it’s not easy to always stay connected with
family and friends and give them every aspect of our life operation. There is every possibility that
your
data can be misused.

2. Technology Over-Reliance :
With the advancement in IoT people are depending too much on technology to
accomplish every day tasks such as turning the lights off or even driving the car.

3. Unemployment :
More and more devices interconnected amongst themselves and to the internet will lead to a lower need for manpower and eventually loss of jobs.
IoT and AI will promote automation of every work that requires manpower. Jobs like customer support are already automated and most of the work is
performed by chatbots. Automation will have a devastating impact on low and medium-skilled workers.
 Future Sc o p e of
IoT
1. Government Sector : City Planning and Controlling :
 Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the often complex factors of making town planning and control. IoT simplifies this by
examining different factors which include populace increase, zoning, mapping, water delivery, transportation patterns, food delivery, social offerings,
and land use.
 Inside the region of management, IoT supports cities through its implementation of principal services and infrastructure which include transportation
and healthcare. It additionally aids in other key areas like water control, waste management, and emergency management.
 Future Sc o p e of
IoT
2. Roll out voice-based Services to consumers :
It has always been thought that IoT is all about data but, recently, IoT has given a great number of opportunities for integrating voice with various
IoT apps. Voice provides great user experience because it is flexible as well as less expensive as compared to other interaction methods.
 Future Sc o p e of
IoT
3. Expected Increment in Devices :
C o nclusio
n
 References

▶ https://data-flair.training/blogs/how-iot-works/
▶ https://www.educba.com/components-of-iot/
▶ https://www.youtube.com/5minuteengineering/