WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or
unusable materials. Waste is any
substance which is discarded after primary
use, or is worthless, defective and of no
use.

Examples include municipal solid

waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous
waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which
contains bodily wastes (feces and urine)
and surface runoff, radioactive waste, and
others
 TYPES

There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste management, notably
including:

• Municipal waste includes household waste, commercial waste

• Hazardous waste includes industrial waste

• Biomedical waste includes clinical waste

• Special hazardous waste includes radioactive waste, explosive waste, and electronic

waste (e-waste)
 HAZARDOUS WASTE

• Any unwanted material ,the disposal of which poses a threat to the environment ,i.e. it is
explosive ,flammable, oxidizing, poisonous/infectious, radioactive, corrosive.

• Sources – hospital, timber treatment, petrol storage, metal finishing, paint manufacture,
vehicle servicing, agriculture/horticulture etc.

• Waste can be treated

Physically, Chemically, Biologically, Thermally

 DIFFERENT METHODS

 Chemical Method – Neutralization, Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis

 Physical Method – Encapsulation, Filtration /Centrifugation/Separation

 Biological Method – use of microorganisms

 Thermal Methods

 High Temperature Incineration

 Combustion Parameters
 SIX R
CONCEPT
 BIO MEDICAL WASTE

• Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind

of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials.
• Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid.
• Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps,
unwanted microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts
• Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources
and activities, such as the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of
diseases
 BIO MEDICAL WASTE

• many medical wastes are classified

as infectious or biohazardous and could potentially lead
to the spread of infectious disease
• Biomedical waste must be properly managed and
disposed of to protect the environment, general public
and workers
• Biomedical waste should be collected in containers that
are leak-proof and sufficiently strong to prevent breakage
during handling. Containers of biomedical waste are
marked with a biohazard symbol
• Biomedical waste is often incinerated
• An autoclave may also be used to treat biomedical waste
 • Duties of Occupier
• Duties of Operator
• Treatment and Disposal
BIO MEDICAL
WASTE • Segregation,
packaging ,transportation and
storage
 E WASTE
• Electronic Waste – electronic devices,
televisions, computers, circuit boards, mobile
phones
• Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs,
contain potentially harmful materials such
as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated
flame retardants
• Recycling of electronic Waste
• Rich Source of Raw Material
• Solid Waste Management
• Toxic Material
• International Movement of Hazardous Waste
 ETP - EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

• ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design for treating the industrial waste
water for its reuse or safe disposal to the environment.
• Influent: Untreated industrial waste water.
• Effluent: Treated industrial waste water.
• Sludge: Solid part separated from waste water by ETP
Treatment

Influent
ETP Effluent

Sludge
 NEED OF ETP

• To clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.

• To reduce the usage of fresh/potable water in Industries.

• To cut expenditure on water procurement.

• To meet the Standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants

from various Industries set by the Government and avoid hefty penalties.

• To safeguard environment against pollution and contribute in sustainable

development.
 TREATMENT LEVELS & MECHANISMS OF ETP

• Treatment levels:
Preliminary -Physical separation of big sized impurities like cloth, plastics, wood logs, paper
Primary - Removal of floating and settleable materials
Secondary - Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.
Tertiary - Final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it is reused, recycled or
discharged to the environment.

• Treatment mechanisms:
Physical
Chemical
Biological
 T R A N S P O RTATI O N O F H A Z A R D O U S M AT E RI A L

• Dangerous/ Hazardous Material - A hazardous material is defined as any

substance or material could adversely affect the safety of the public, handlers or
carriers during transportation.
• Classification of dangerous material:-
Explosive, Gas,
Inflammable Liquid,
Oxidising Substances,
Toxic and Infectious Substances
Radioactive Substances
Corrosive Substances
 R O A D T R A N S P O RT H A Z A R D

• Causes of Accidents:
• Road Accidents and over turning.

• Driver fault like overfilling.

• Poor maintenance of vehicle.

• Poor inspection.

• Lack of proper training of employees.

• Three-fold prevention programme:
1.Personal safety programme
•Safety meeting with drivers and terminal personnel.
•Driver’s safety award programme.
•Establishment of training schools

2. Equipment maintenance programme:

•Periodic tractor Inspection
•30- day corrosive liquid trailer inspection.
•60 day general trailer inspection.
•2 years trailer retest and inspection.
•Pre-trip vehicle condition report

3. Tractor Trailer Design Improvement

• Central motor vehicle Rules 1989 (amended in 1993)
• Rule no.-9:Eucational Qualification & training for three days by Govt. Recognized institute
• Rule 129: Display of class label specified in column 3 of table 1 to rule 137
• Rule 129 – A: spark arrestor
• Rule 130- Manner of display of class labels
• Rule 131 : Responsibility of Consignor
• Rule 132 : Responsibility of transporter/owner
• Rule 133: Responsibility of Driver
• Rule 134 : Emergency information panel
• CHECKING OF TRUCKS AND TANK-LORRIES BEFORE FILLING

Visual Checks:
Validity of the driving license and the petroleum
Relevant documents pertaining to loading or unloading of chemicals
TREMCARD and instructions to the drivers and cleaners.
General condition of the vehicle.
Condition of tires and stepney.
Correctness of the emergency information panel.
UN hazard class symbols
• Condition of valves.

• Condition of the driver’s cab.

• Condition of the self-starter and instruments.

• Condition of electrical wiring (particularly for Class A petroleum products).

• Proper sealing arrangements.

• Provision / condition of wipers, head lights, signal lights, bumpers, mudguards, etc.

• Condition of metal-work and paint

• Provision of flame arrestor at the exhaust.
• Provision of fire extinguishers (for flammable products) and their
condition.
• In the case of empty tank – lorry reporting for loading, check whether.
• Provision of a safety torch.
• Provision of required personal protective equipment like:
• PVC gloves,
• face-shields,
• PVC suit, etc.
• The tank is clean or not.
• The previous load was the same product or different.
• The tank has been thoroughly cleaned by following proper procedure (e.g.,
washing, steaming and then purging with nitrogen), if previous load was a
different product.(particularly in the case of incompatible chemicals)
• Provision of tool box, adequacy of tools and condition of tools.
• First-aid box.
• Provision and condition of the safety valves (for gases)
KEY RESPONSIBILITIES
• Consigner,s Responsibilities (Rule no.129)
• Tremcard with way bill.

• Hazard Information to the transporter in advance.

• Ensure driver has been trained adequately.

• Ensure that the driver has undergone statutory training on transport of dangerous materials and his license
has been duly endorsed by the respective RTO.

• Ensure that the vehicle meets the requirements and Emergency information panels have been displayed at
both the sides and on the rear.
• Transporter’s Responsibilities
• Ensure that the vehicle is fit condition and driver has
been trained properly about the information received
from the consignee.
• Ensure that the Emergency information panels have been
duly painted or posted on the vehicle.
• Ensure that the driver’s license has been endorsed by
RTO.
• Consignee’s responsibilities ( Rule No.132)
• Before allowing into the premises, ensure that all the requirements of the
rules have been met with.
• Driver’s Responsibilities ( 133)
• Ensure that he is aware of all the hazards, precautionary measures and
emergency response procedures.
• He will report to the nearest police station and warn public. He will also
inform consigner, transporter and consignee.
• Rule-130 manner of display of class labels
LABELS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES OF DANGEROUS
GOODS .
 RAIL TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS
MATERIALS

• Rail Transportation is safer because two persons can haul a large

number of wagons.
• Yet serious Fires and leakage may occur due to:
• Derailment or collisions.
• Lack of proper inspection and maintenance.
• Use of unfit equipment and tank cars
• Sources of ignition e.g. Engine, caboose, or brake shoe sparks are readily
available.
 PRECAUTIONS IN RAIL TRANSPORT

1.Proper Labeling of Hazardous Cargo wagons

2.Place them at least 3 wagons away from engine or kitchen car.
3.Meticulous inspection of the whole train.
4.Display of instructions in the language known to the workers.
5.Do not overload.
6.Emergency team of specialised persons should be kept ready.
7.The trains of hazardous cargo should be routed through unpopulated areas.

8. Wagon coupling should be such that may not disengage on derailment.

9. Chances of penetration of coupling devices into the tanks should be avoided.

10. As for as possible safety valves should be preferred over rupture discs.

11. If chances of explosion exist, the explosion vents should be provided.

12. Siphoning of the liquid while transfer should be preferred over unloading from bottom.

13. The tanks should be lined suitably if corrosive substances are handled.
 WATER TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS MATERIALS

• Transport of dangerous materials by water is common all over the world for international
transport. In some countries internal transport by barges and ships is also common

• Comprehensive standards and international regulations for hull design and venting and level
gauging etc. and for classification of dangerous materials exist and are in use all over the world.

• Operating personnel are adequately trained and certified.

• Strict navigational safety.

• Proper emergency response procedures.

TREMCARD