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Bab 2 DD SS
Bab 2 DD SS
1
OBJEKTIF
2
menilai implikasi perubahan beberapa
faktor penentu ke atas penawaran dan
kuantiti penawaran.
Melakar dan menjelaskan konsep
kesimbangan pasaran dan peranan
kerajaan dalam menentukan kewujudan
keseimbangan pasaran.
3
PENGENALAN
4
PASARAN
Terma DD dan SS - gelagat atau interaksi
antara satu sama lain dalam pasaran
5
Competition: Perfect or Otherwise
Perfectly Competitive:
Homogeneous Products
Buyers and Sellers are Price Takers
Monopoly:
One Seller, controls price
Oligopoly:
Few Sellers, not aggressive competition
Monopolistic Competition:
Many Sellers, differentiated products
6
PERMINTAAN
7
Hukum Permintaan
8
Jadual dan Keluk Permintaan
9
Jadual 2.1: Permintaan Epal Azizah
Kuantiti Epal yang
Harga Epal (RM)
DD
0.00 12
0.50 10
1.00 8
1.50 6
2.00 4
2.50 2
3.00 0
Rajah 2.1: Keluk Permintaan Azizah
Harga Epal
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Kuantiti Epal
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
11
Jadual Permintaan Pasaran
12
Jadual 2.2: Permintaan Individu dan
Pasaran ke atas Epal
Harga Epal (RM) Azizah Mokhtar Pasaran
0.00 12 + 7 = 19
0.50 10 6 16
1.00 8 5 13
1.50 6 4 10
2.00 4 3 7
2.50 2 2 4
3.00 0 1 1
13
Rajah 2.2: Keluk Permintaan Individu dan
Pasaran
Harga Epal
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 19
Kuantiti Epal
14
Perubahan Kuantiti Diminta versus
Perubahan Permintaan
Δ kuantiti diminta = Δ permintaan ?
Δ kuantiti diminta:
disebabkan Δ P (harga) barang itu
sendiri
P ↑ Q ↓, P ↓ Q ↑
Penguncupan
C Permintaan
$4.00
Pengembangan
B Permintaan
$2.00
A
$1.00
D1
0 12 15 20 Kuantiti Epal
16
Perubahan Kuantiti Diminta versus
Perubahan Permintaan
Δ permintaan:
disebabkan oleh faktor lain: Δ harga barang
lain, pendapatan pengguna, citarasa dll
Δ DD akan berlaku sama ada ke kiri atau
kanan = perpindahan keluk permintaan
17
Rajah 2.4 (a): Perpindahan Keluk
Permintaan
Harga Epal
Pengurangan Pertambahan
dalam dalam
Permintaan Permintaan
D2
D1
D3
Kuantiti Epal
18
Rajah 2.4 (b): Perpindahan Keluk
Permintaan
Harga
Petrol Pengurangan
dalam
D1 Permintaan
D
Pertambahan
D2 dalam
Permintaan
B A C
RM1.83
D1
D
D2
0 10 15 20 Kuantiti Petrol
19
PENENTUAN PERMINTAAN
Faktor-faktor yang menentukan permintaan:
1. Harga
2. Pendapatan
4. Cita rasa
5. Ramalan, dll
20
Pendapatan
21
Harga Barang Lain
Barang Penggenap
Contoh?
Bila P , Q ?
Barang Pengganti
Contoh?
Bila P , Q ?
22
Jadual 2.3: Penentuan Kuantiti yang
Diminta
23
PENAWARAN
24
Hukum Penawaran
25
Jadual Penawaran dan Keluk
Penawaran
Jadual penawaran menunjukkan
hubungan antara tingkat harga dan
kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.
Keluk penawaran ialah rajah yang
menunjukkan hubungan antara harga
dan kuantiti yang ditawarkan.
Ceteris Paribus: faktor-faktor lain tidak
berubah
26
Jadual 2.4: Jadual Penawaran Kicap
Sakinah
Kuantiti Kicap yang
Harga Kicap ($)
Ditawarkan
0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 1
1.50 2
2.00 3
2.50 4
3.00 5
27
Rajah 2.5: Keluk Penawaran Kicap
Sakinah
Harga
Kicap
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Kuantiti Kicap
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
28
Jadual Penawaran Pasaran
29
Jadual 2.5: Penawaran firma dan
Pasaran Ke atas Kicap
Harga Kicap Sakinah Fuzaho Pasaran
(sebotol) Sdn. Bhd Holding Kicap
0.00 0 + 0 = 0
0.50 0 0 0
1.00 1 0 1
1.50 2 2 4
2.00 3 4 7
2.50 4 6 10
3.00 5 8 13
30
Rajah 2.6: Keluk Penawaran Pasaran
Harga
Kicap
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Kuantiti Kicap
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
31
Perubahan Kuantiti Ditawarkan
versus Perubahan Penawaran
Δ kuantiti yang ditawarkan = Δ penawaran ?
Δ Q yang ditawarkan:
disebabkan Δ P (harga) barang itu sendiri
P ↑ Q ↑, P ↓ Q ↓
32
Rajah 2.3: Pergerakan di Sepanjang
Keluk Penawaran
Harga
Kicap
$3.00 B
Pengembangan
Penawaran
$2.00
A
Penguncupan
$1.00 Penawaran
C
Kuantiti
0 1 3 5 Kicap
33
Perubahan Kuantiti Ditawarkan
versus Perubahan Penawaran
Δ penawaran:
disebabkan oleh faktor lain: Δ harga
barang lain, harga faktor pengeluaran,
Tingkat teknologi dll
34
Rajah 2.4 (a): Perpindahan Keluk
Penawaran
Harga
S2 S S1
Pengurangan Pertambahan
dalam dalam
Penawaran Penawaran
S2 S S1
Kuantiti
35
Rajah 2.4 (b): Perpindahan Keluk
Penawaran
Harga
Pengurangan
dalam
Penawaran S2 S S1
Pertambahan
dalam Penawaran
S2 S S1
0 Q2 Q Q1 Kuantiti
36
Penentuan Penawaran
Faktor-faktor yang menentukan permintaan:
1. Harga barang lain
3. Tingkat teknologi
4. Jumlah pengeluaran
37
Jadual 2.6: Penentu Kuantiti yang
Ditawarkan
38
KESEIMBANGAN
QD = QS , P
Keseimbangan pasaran berlaku apabila
keluk DD dan SS bersilang
39
Harga Keseimbangan
Harga yang dibeli (PD) atau harga yang
dijual (PS) pada tingkat keseimbangan
Kuantiti Keseimbangan
QD atau QS pada tingkat keseimbangan
40
Equilibrium
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
Roses QD Roses Qs
D
S
D
S
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Roses
42
Equilibrium vs. Inequilibrium
3.00 1 10 +9 Lebihan SS
2.50 4 10 +6 (surplus)
2.00 7 7 0 Keseimbangan
1.50 10 4 -6
1.00 13 1 -12
Lebihan DD
0.50 16 0 -16 (shortage)
0.00 19 0 -19
43
How does Adam Smith’s “Invisible
Hands” correct inequilibrium?
Surplus
When P > equilibrium P, then Qs > QD.
There is excess supply or a surplus.
Suppliers will lower the price (P) to increase sales,
thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Shortage
When P < equilibrium P, then QD > Qs.
There is excess demand or a shortage.
Suppliers will raise the price (P) due to too many buyers
chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward
equilibrium.
44
Figure 2.9 (a): Excess Supply
Price of
Roses
D Surplus
S
$2.50
$2.00
S
D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Roses
Quantity Quantity
Demanded Supplied
45
Figure 2.9 (b): Excess Demand
Price of
Roses Supply
$2.00
$1.50
Shortage
Demand
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Roses
Quantity Quantity
Supplied Demanded
46
Three Steps To Analyzing
Changes in Equilibrium
1. D – No Change in S
2. S – No Change in D
3. D& S
$2.00
Initial D1
2. … equilibrium
resulting in
a higher
price …
D0
S0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 Quantity of
Roses
3. … and a higher quantity
sold.
48
Figure 2.11: How a Decrease in Supply
Affects the Equilibrium
S2
Price of
Roses 1. A dry season reduces the
supply of roses…
S1
$2.50 New equilibrium
2. …
resulting in
a higher
price …
D1
0 1 2 3 4 7 10 11 Quantity of
Roses
3. … and a lower quantity
sold.
49
Figure 2.12 (a): A Shift in Both Supply and
Demand
Price of
Large increase
Roses in demand
New
S2
equilibrium S1
P2
Small
decrease in
supply
P1 Initial equilibrium D2
D1
0 Q1 Q2 Quantity of
Roses
50
Figure 2.12 (b): A Shift in Both Supply and
Demand
Price of Small increase
Roses in demand
New S2
equilibrium
S1
P2
Large
decrease in
supply
P1 Initial equilibrium
D2
D1
Quantity of
0 Q2 Q1
Roses
51
Table 2.8: What Happens to Price and
Quantity when Supply or Demand Shifts
52
Government Policies: Price controls
53
Price controls
Price controls are legal restrictions on how high or low
a market price may go.
2 kinds of price controls:
1. Price Ceiling: a maximum price sellers are
allowed to charge for a good. It’s an upper limit for
the price.
2. Price Floor: a minimum price buyers are required
to pay for a good. It’s a lower limit for the price.
54
Price Ceiling
55
56
Price Floor
57
Why Price controls?
1. During crisis times, emergencies or wars - the
government wants to protect the consumers from
rapidly increasing prices.
58
Price controls
Ceiling Price Floor price
Price is not allowed to rise Price is not allowed to fall
Maximum price Minimum price
Shortage occured Surplus occured
Advantages: Advantages:
Consumer purchase products at a Protects producer’s income
lower price Higher wage rate
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Emergence of black market Consumer pay more
Reduce quantity produced Waste of resources of production
Producers tend to receive illegal Creates unemployment
payments from consumers
Government Policies: Tax Incidence
(Indirect Taxes)
62
Tax incidence: burden mainly on producers
63