FITNESS

ASSESSMENT
 How do we determine our risk
level?
Body Mass Index Identification

Procedure:
1. Measure your weight (kilogram) barefooted and
your height in meters squared.
2. Compute your BMI using the formula
below.

BMI =
BMI =

=²
For adults:
BMI CLASSIFICATION
BELOW 18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30.0 ABOVE Obese
Assignment:

Send your Height and Weight.

Prevention and Control of
Diseases and Disorders
(Communicable)
(MODULE 4)
What is an infection?
An infection is a condition in which pathogens such
as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans enter the
body and multiply. The infection may result to tissue
injury and even progress into a disease. Once pathogens
invade the body, infection occurs. But did you know
that infection with a pathogen does not always lead or
progress to disease?
What is an infection?
Disease will only occur when the infection damages
the cells in your body and the signs and symptoms of
the disease are seen. Sometimes, pathogens have
entered the body and you may not even notice. This is
because our body also has its ways of dealing with the
pathogens.
What is an infection?
Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms.
When a particular pathogen enters the body, the
immune system comes to work. The immune system
sees the Pathogen as an invader so it will try to get rid
of it or it "fight" the foreign invader.
What are the stages of infection?
When the body contracts an infectious disease, it undergoes
the five stages of infection.
Invasion by Pathogen

Incubation Stage

Prodromal Stage

Acute Stage

Declining Stage

Convalescent Stage
1. Incubation stage

is the time between the exposure to a pathogen and the

appearance of symptoms. Incubation periods vary
depending on the type of pathogen
2. Prodromal stage

is the time when the signs and symptoms of a disease

start to appear. During this stage, the body reacts to the
presence of pathogen.
3. Acute stage
is the period when the disease is at its highest point and
that the signs and symptoms can be clinically used or
tested to diagnose the disease.
4. Declining stage
is the period when symptoms start to subside and the
severity of the disease declines. The patient feels an
improvement but still can't return to doing normal
activities. The infection is still present but is now
reduced.
5. Convalescent stage

is the stage in which the symptoms of the disease begin

to fade and the patient recovers his/her health and
strength.
 Leading Causes of
Morbidity and Mortality in
the Philippines
What is morbidity and mortality?

Morbidity refers to the disease state or the

“quality of being unhealthful" of an individual. It is also
a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a
specific area.
Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity
Disease of the Heart
Injuries
TB Respiratory
Urinary Tract Infection
Influenza
Acute Diarrhea
Hypertension
Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia
Acute Respiratory Infection
What is morbidity and mortality?

Mortality refers to a condition of being

subject to death. This may also refer to the number of
deaths in a population.
Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality
Certain conditions originating in the prenatal period
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
Tuberculosis, all forms
Accidents
Pneumonia
Malignant Neoplasms
Diseases of the Vascular system
Heart Diseases
 What are the leading causes of morbidity
and mortality in the Philippines?

In a country or in a community, there are diseases

that are responsible for or associated with morbidity and
mortality. The Department of Health came up with a list
of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the
Philippines.
COMMON COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
What is a communicable disease?

Communicable disease or infectious disease refers to

any illness that can be passed or transmitted from one
person to another, directly or indirectly, or through
carriers called vectors. Its potential to spread poses a
danger to large population.
Below are the common communicable
diseases or infectious diseases:

• Acute Respiratory Infections

• Pneumonia
• Influenza
• Tuberculosis
• Dengue
• Sexually Transmitted Infection STIs
• HIV and AIDs
What are the ways of transmission or spread
of a communicable disease?

Communicable diseases may spread through any of the

following:
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
Airborne Transmission
Vector-borne Transmission
What are the common communicable
diseases in the Philippines?

Acute Respiratory Infections

Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Influenza (flu)
Tuberculosis
Dengue
 What are the misconceptions about
communicable diseases?

Misconception: if you had already had the flu, you can’t

get it again.
Truth: there are viruses that have different strains, you
may become immune with a particular strain of the virus
but not in all the strains influenza virus is so contagious
that according to studies, a person may acquire the virus
more than a hundred times during his/her lifetime.
 What are the misconceptions about
communicable diseases?

Misconception: once vaccinated you can’t get

diseases again.
Truth: there are viruses that have different strains,
you may become immune with a particular strain
of the virus but not in all the strains.
 What are the misconceptions about
communicable diseases?

Misconception: if you are healthy, you don’t need

to get vaccinated.
Truth: pathogens may still infect healthy body,
but the difference would be on strength of body
to fight the pathogens.
 What are the misconceptions about
communicable diseases?

Misconception: you can’t spread a communicable

diseases if you are not sick.
Truth: 20% to 30% of people have flu and don’t
show symptoms.
 What are the misconceptions about
communicable diseases?

Misconception: you can only infect others when

you are in the healing stage.
Truth: you may infect others as long as they are
exposed to the pathogens at any stage of the
diseases.
 Prevention of
Communicable Diseases
 How are communicable diseases
prevented?
Good personal habits guard you from pathogens and
prevent you from speeding infectious diseases. There
are several ways that you must follow and practice to
prevent you from acquiring diseases.

WASHCAMP
 Emerging and
Re-Emerging Diseases
 What are the emerging and re-emerging
diseases?

Have you heard of the Ebola Virus Diseases or

EVD? According to World Health Organization,
Ebola Virus first attacked in Africa in 1976.
 What are the emerging and re-emerging
diseases?
Emerging diseases – are diseases that have newly
spread in the population, or that have existed
before but affected only a small number of people
in isolated places, or the disease have occurred in
human history but have only been recognized
recently as an infectious disease.
 What are the emerging and re-emerging
diseases?
Re-Emerging diseases – are diseases that had
decreased in incidence and brought under control
but have surfaced again due to changes in health
conditions of the population, and are again
becoming health problems globally or in a
population.
Programs and Policies to
Prevent Communicable
Diseases
 Programs and Policies to Prevent
Communicable Diseases

Prevention and control of communicable diseases

may start from each individual person. But to be more
effective and for a larger scale, the government is also
implementing programs and policies for the prevention
and control of communicable diseases. The
communicable health is a concerted effort of all
stakeholders.
The following are some of the programs and measures
implemented by DOH and other government agencies for
the prevention and control of the communicable diseases.

1. Guaranteeing a safe water supply

2. Dealing properly with sewage treatment and disposal
3. Introducing a food safety program
The following are some of the programs and measures
implemented by DOH and other government agencies for
the prevention and control of the communicable diseases.

4. Educating on animal control and pet caring programs

5. Holding vaccination programs
6. Educating the people in the community about the
promotion of good health habits such as washing of hands,
covering the nose and mouth when sneezing and coughing,
etc.
Agencies in Charge of Communicable
Diseases Prevention and Control