Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 5
Introduction to
Differential Analysis of
Fluid Motion

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Main Topics

 Conservation of Mass
 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional
Incompressible Flow
 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)
 Momentum Equation
 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Basic Law for a System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Rectangular Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Rectangular Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Rectangular Coordinate System

“Continuity Equation”

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Rectangular Coordinate System

“Del” Operator

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass

 Rectangular Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Rectangular Coordinate System
Incompressible Fluid:

Steady Flow:

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Cylindrical Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Cylindrical Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Cylindrical Coordinate System

“Del” Operator

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass

 Cylindrical Coordinate System

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Conservation of Mass
 Cylindrical Coordinate System
Incompressible Fluid:

Steady Flow:

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Stream Function for Two-Dimensional
Incompressible Flow

 Two-Dimensional Flow

 Stream Function 

Conservation of mass is automatically satisfied

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Stream Function for Two-Dimensional
Incompressible Flow

 Cylindrical Coordinates

 Stream Function (r,)

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional
Incompressible Flow
 Along a streamline Stream Function (r,)=
constant

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
 Fluid Rotation
 Fluid Deformation
• Angular Deformation
• Linear Deformation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field (Cylindrical)

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)

 Fluid Rotation
A fluid particle moving in a general three-dimensional flow
field may rotate about all three coordinate axes.

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Rotation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Rotation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Deformation:
• Angular Deformation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Deformation:
• Angular Deformation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Fluid Deformation:
• Linear Deformation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation

 Newton’s Second Law

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation
 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation
 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

The forces acting on a fluid element may be

classified as body forces and surface forces © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Momentum Equation
 Differential Momentum Equation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation
 Stresses may be expressed in terms of velocity
gradients

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation
 Newtonian Fluid: Navier–Stokes Equations

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Momentum Equation
 Special Case: Euler’s Equation

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics
 Some Applications

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics
 Euler Method

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics
 Euler Method – Draining a Tank
Draining a Tank
1
Exact
Euler (11 pt)
0.75
Euler (21 pt)
Depth y (m)

0.5

0.25

0
0 25 50 75 100
Time t (min)

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics
 A Simple Finite Difference Example

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics
 Finite Difference – Flow over a Corner

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.