Basics Of Computer Networking

Name of the Presenter: Amar Kumar

Roll No of the Presenter: 19EC8051

Name of the Guide/Supervisor: Dr. K. K. Yadav

November 2022

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1

Outline:

 Introduction
 Types of Computer Networks
 The OSI Reference Model
 References

2
INTRODUCTION
Computer Network

 A computer network is a group of computers/devices(Nodes) that use a set of

common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of
sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
 The nodes of a computer network may include personal computers, servers,
networking hardware, or other specialized or general-purpose hosts.
 The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of
telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and
wireless technologies.
 A communication protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a
network.

3
Computer Networks

4
Uses Of Networks

 Simultaneous Access
 There are moments in any business when several workers may need to use the
same data at the same time.

 Shared Peripheral Devices

 Personal Communications
 Videoconferencing
 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP):-VoIP transmits the sound of voice over a
computer network using the Internet Protocol (IP ) rather than sending the
signal over traditional phone wires

 Easier Data Backup

5
Types Of Networks

 Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Campus Area Network (CAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

6
Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst
devices such as computers, telephones, tablets, and personal digital assistants.

 Also Known as HAN (Home Area Network)

 PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves
(interpersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet
(an uplink) where one "master" device takes up the role of an internet router.

7
Local Area Network (LAN)

Xerox Corporation worked in collaboration with DEC and Intel to create Ethernet, which is the
most favoured LAN architecture used today.

Ethernet has evolved and has seen significant improvements in regard to speed and
efficiency.

 An upside of a LAN is fast data transfer with data speed that can reach up to 10Gbps.

 Other significant LAN technologies are Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and token ring.

7
Campus Area Network (CAN)

Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks these types of networks are
typically seen in universities, large K-12 school districts or small businesses.

They can be spread across several buildings that are fairly close to each other so users can
share resources

7
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than or equal in size to a WAN.

 The size ranges anywhere from 5 to 50km in diameter.

 MANs are typically owned and managed by a single entity.

 This could be an ISP or telecommunications company that sells its services to end-users in
that metropolitan area.

 For all intents and purposes, a MAN has the same characteristics as a WAN with distance
constraints.

8
Wide Area Network (WAN)

 A Wide Area Network exist over a large area

 Data travels through telephone or cable lines

 Usually requires a Modem

 The world’s largest Wide Area Network in the Internet

9
THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL
The OSI Reference Model

 OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised network architecture.

 OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems, i.e. systems open for
communications with other systems.

 Specified in ISO 7498.

 Model has 7 layers.

11
7-Layer OSI Model

Layer 7 Application Layer  Layers 1-4 relate to

communications
Layer 6 Presentation Layer
technology.
Layer 5 Session Layer
 Layers 5-7 relate to user
Layer 4 Transport Layer applications.
Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary

12
Layer 1: Physical Layer

 Transmits bits from one computer to another.

 Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium.

 Defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter and what transmission
technique is used to send data over the cable. Deals with issues like

 The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a 1, and how
long a bit lasts?
 Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
 How many pins a connector has, and what the function of each pin is?
Network Topologies

 Network topology defines the structure of the network.

 Physical topology:- It defines the actual layout of the wire or media.
 Bus

 Ring

 Star

 Tree(Hierarchical)

 Mesh
T T
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

 Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets for data).

 Provides reliable transmission of frames

 It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer.

 Retransmits frames for which acknowledgment not received

Layer 3: Network Layer

 Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet

 Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names into physical addresses.

 Determines the route from the source to the destination computer

 Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of data
packets.

 Routing can be:

 Based on static tables

 determined at start of each session

 Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the current network load.
Layer 4: Transport Layer

 Manages transmission packets

 Repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for transmission

 Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original message.

 Handles error recognition and recovery.

 Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery.

 Resends missing packets

Layer 5: Session Layer

 Allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session.

 e.g. file transfer, remote login

 Establishes dialog control

 Regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it transmits.

 Performs token management and synchronization

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

 Related to the representation of transmitted data

 Translates different data representations from the Application layer into uniform standard
format

 Providing services for secure efficient data transmission

 e.g. data encryption, and data compression.

Layer 7: Application Layer

 Level at which applications access network services.

 Represents services that directly support software applications for file transfers, database
access, electronic mail, etc.
References:

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/computer-networks

 https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network

 https://www.fieldengineer.com/blogs/what-is-a-computer-network

 https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIREO06117

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317101504_Computer_Networking_A_Su
rvey

15