Hydraulic actuators: cylinders

Cylinder types:
Single acting: Double acting piston:
work can be done only in one direction Work is done in both
directions
Plunger

Piston rod on both sides

Piston

Tandem

Telescopic Fast moving Telescopic Fast moving

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Hydraulic cylinder
Hidraulikus munkahengerek
Rögzítőpálcás kivitel 1.

Rögzítőpálcás hidraulika henger, a hengerfejen található karimás rögzítéssel

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Hydraulic cylinder Hidraulikus munkahengerek
Hengeres kivitel 1.

Hengeres építési móddal készült hidraulika henger

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Properties:
The cylinders have to be good quality steel with close tolerances.
There have to be good sealing both at the piston rod and at the
cylinder.
With time dirt may come in and damage the surfaces. This has to be
possibly reduced.
In this case, the leakage will increase all the time.

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Calculation of cylinders

Fcmax  FLmax  FF  F1 FCmax  FLmax  FF

maximum load friction forces inertial forces

slow motion, can
be often neglected

Outward:
FC 0  A1 p1  A2 p2 A1 A2

Backward: p2 vB
FCB  A2 p2  A1 p1
p1
v0

Q Q Q
v0  vB 
A1 A2

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Calculation of cylinders
1. Stick-slip
Ff
2. Transition 1 2 3
3. Normal behaviour
Hydraulic cylinders should be possibly
operated in the 3rd region for smooth
operation.
v
If the cylinder is new, the leakage losses are
negligibly small so that:
ηc = ηmech v  FL FL
c  
p1Q1  p2Q2 p1 A1  p2 A2
ηc

outwards  cmax  0,85  0,92

inward
s at higher pressures

Δp
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 Hydraulic cylinders
Checking for buckling

Maximum permissible force:

2
1 
Fmax L     E  I1 n: safety factor: 1-3,5
n  lk 
lk: buckling length
d 4
I1: moment of inertia of the piston rod
64
E: elasticity modulus of the rod material

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cushioning of cylinders:
A hard impact of the piston at the end surfaces has to be inhibited
– kinetic energy has to be absorbed.
This is done by increasing the hydraulic resistance at the end of
the stroke.

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Swivel vane rotary actuator:
Parallel
piston rotary
Limited angle in both directions actuator
Párhuzamdug
attyús
Maximum angle always smaller than 360° lengőhajtás

The same torque in both directions

Limited angle rotary Limited angle rotary

actuator actuator

Piston rotary actuator:

With rack and gear coupling
Here maximum angle may be larger than 360°
Mindkét irányban
azonosan működő
Forgódugattyús hengerrel és fogasléces
lengőhajtás meghajtással működtetett
??? menettel ???
tolódugattyús lengőhajtás
működtetett
meghajtócsappal

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 Big pictures
End of normal presentation
Beginning of big pictures

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: plunger

smaller force, better efficiency, axial support is necessary

but cylinder does not have to be so good quality

Without inner buffer With inner buffer (pilot piston)

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: piston, single acting, pressing-cylinder

Spring

inside outside

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: piston, single acting, puller

Spring

inside outside

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: piston, double acting

Velocity is different

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: piston, double acting
Piston rod on both side

Velocity is the same in both directions

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: piston, double acting
Piston rod on both side

Velocity is different in the two directions depending

on cross section ratio of the rods

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: double acting piston, tandem

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: single acting, fast moving

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: double acting, fast moving

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: telescopic, single acting

Large working paths

or limited space

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cylinder types: telescopic, double acting

Large working paths

or limited space

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Checking for buckling:
1. Case 2. Case 3. Case 4. Case
Euler’s
One end free Two ends pivoted One end guided and Two ends fixed and
cases One end fixed and guided pivoted, other end guided
Or trunnion at end fixed

Picture

Free buckling
length
mounting style mounting style mounting style mounting style
Manner of
end fixing

Note

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Cushioning of cylinders:

1. Piston
2. Cushion nose
3. Cylinder cap
4. Stroke volume
5. Cushion orifice
6. Throttle
7. Cushion adjustment screw
8. Mother
9. Non-return valve
10. Gas valve

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Parallel piston rotary
actuator

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
???

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Rack-and-pinion piston-type rotary actuator:

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Limited angle rotary actuator:

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Limited angle rotary actuator:

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
Helix actuator:

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