SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) 

• The SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) is an electronic power

supply system that makes use of a switching regulator to transfer
electrical power effectively. It is a PSU (power supply unit) and is
usually used in computers to change the voltage to the appropriate
range for the computer.
• Switched Mode Power Supply uses a switching regulator to convert
electric power efficiently. SMPS transfers electric power from a source ( AC
mains) to the load by converting the characteristics of current and voltage.
SMPS always provide a well regulated power to the load irrespective of the
input variations

• Switched-mode power supplies can also be substantially smaller

and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be
much smaller. This is because it operates at a high switching
frequency which ranges
A typical SMPS has the following block diagram with these key
subsections:

Input stage
Switching stage
Output stage
Control Circuit
Input Stage
The power input stage generally consists of a full or half-bridge rectifier circuit
that takes AC power as input and outputs a filtered DC output of the same
voltage. For example, this stage can convert 110V AC to 110V DC. This stage
also contains additional LC filters (inductor and capacitor) to further remove
any ripples from the input power.
High-Frequency Switch
This is the most critical stage of the power supply. Typically, a SMPS has a
power MOSFET (one or more) as the main switching device. A PWM signal
rapidly turns on and off the MOSFET to act as a switch. This converts the
smoothened DC voltage from the input stage into a high-frequency square
wave.
Output Stage
The output signal from the switching section is again rectified and filtered, to
get the required DC voltage. This is a regulated output voltage which is then
given to the control circuit, which is a feedback circuit. The final output is
obtained after considering the feedback signal0
Control Unit

The above figure explains the inner parts of a control unit. The output sensor senses the
signal and joins it to the control unit. The signal is isolated from the other section so that
any sudden spikes should not affect the circuitry. A reference voltage is given as one input
along with the signal to the error amplifier which is a comparator that compares the
signal with the required signal level

The switching device (transistor or MOSFET) needs to rapidly turn on and off to generate
the square wave needed to feed the power transformer using a PWM signal
The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor
is a semiconductor device that is widely used for switching purposes and
for the amplification of electronic signals in electronic devices. A MOSFET
is either a core or integrated circuit where it is designed and fabricated in a
single chip because the device is available in very small sizes.