CHAPTER 4

4.1 LEWIS STRUCTURE

Lecture with IJJ
IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON….YOU HAVE
LEARNED ….
a) Write the Lewis symbol for an atom.
b) State the octet rule and describe how atoms obtain the octet configuration.
c) Describe the formation of the following bonds using Lewis symbol:
i. Ionic or electrovalent bond
ii. Covalent bond
iii. Dative or coordinate bond
d) Draw Lewis structure of covalent species with single, double and triple bonds.
e) Compare the bond length between single, double and triple bonds.
EXCEPTION TO THE OCTET RULE
The octet rule states that atoms tend to combine so that they each have
eight electrons in their valence shells, which gives them the same electronic
configuration as a noble gas.
While the majority of atoms follow the octet rule, there are many examples
of compounds that do not.
Exceptions to the octet rule fall into one of three categories:
(1) an incomplete octet
(2) odd-electron molecules , and
(3) an expanded octet
EXCEPTION TO THE OCTET
RULE
1.Incomplete octet
2.Expanded octet
3.Odd number electrons
 EXCEPTION TO THE OCTET RULE
Incomplete Octet
• In some compounds, the number of electrons surrounding the
central atom in a stable molecule is fewer than eight.
• Elements in groups 2 & 13 (Al, Be, and B)
Period 2
Less metallic character
Central atom has less than 8 electrons (does not achieve octet
configuration)
Let’s look at B with Z = 5:
spdf notation: 1s22s22p1
••

•B•
Example:
F

••
••
•

B
•• ••

F F
Has ONLY 3
valence electrons

••
••
for covalent •• ••
bonding.
 H – Be – H ..
.. .. 4 valence electrons :F:
:Cl – Al – Cl:
.. .. 6 valence
 electrons
B
:Cl:
..
6 valence electrons :F
.. : : F.. :

 Be, B and Al form covalent bonds even though they are metals.

This is because their ions have high charge density (high charge/small
radius) which enables them to attract e of the anions strongly towards
themselves, resulting in sharing of bonding electrons.
 Expanded Octet
• Atoms of elements from period 3 onwards of the Periodic
Table may have MORE THAN EIGHT VALENCE
ELECTRONS IN THEIR COMPOUNDS
 Involves period 3 and onwards (non metals).
 Has d orbital characteristic.
 Central atom can have more than 8 electrons.
Examples:

SF6 & PF5

 Odd Number Electrons

Molecule with odd number of electrons,

complete pairing is impossible and an
octet around each atom cannot be
achieved.

Mostly from an odd numbered group

such as Group 15 (Nitrogen) & Group 17
(Chlorine).
 RESONANCE

• Resonance is a way of describing delocalized electrons

within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the
bonding cannot be expressed by a single Lewis formula.
• A molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons is
represented by several resonance structures.
Same atomic structure but different
arrangement of electrons.
Resonance structure : 2 or more Lewis
structure for single molecule that cannot be
represented with 1 accurate Lewis structure

Example 1: Sulfur dioxide, SO2

.. .. .. .. .. ..
O
.. S O.. O
.. S O
..

..
..
 Now try this….
Draw the 3 different resonance structure for OCN-
Which of these structures is the most stable Lewis
structure? Explain.
4.2 MOLECULAR
SHAPE AND
POLARITY
Lecture with IJJ
 4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity
a) Explain valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR)
b) Draw the basic molecular shapes: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal
bipyramidal and octahedral.
c) Predict and explain the shapes of molecule and bond angles in a given
species.
d) Explain bond polarity and dipole moment.
e) Deduce the polarity of molecules based on the shapes shapes and the resultant
dipole moment.
Lecture with IJJ
What is the molecular shape for Amnonia, NH 3??

Lewis structure

No. of e surrounding a central atom

Assumption: electron pairs / bonding pair in the

valence shell repel one another

Study of
molecular Gives the position
VSEPR!! geometry of all atoms
Lecture with IJJ
 - Def: The 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

- affects physical and chemical properties.

- predicted by using Valence-Shell Electron Pair

Repulsion (VSEPR) model.

Lecture with IJJ

- The study of molecular geometry.

- States “The valence electron pairs surrounding a

central atom repel one another. Thus, the orbital
containing those electron pairs are oriented to be
as far apart as possible”.
bonding-pair lone-pair lone-pair
vs vs vs
bonding pair < bonding pair
< lone pair
repulsion repulsion repulsion
Divide molecules into 2 categories:

Central atom has No Lone Pairs

.. ..
O=C=O
.. ..
Central atom has ≥1 Lone Pairs
.. .. ..
:F-N-F:
.. ..
:F:
..
BASIC MOLECULAR SHAPE
• Linear
• Trigonal Planar
• Tetrahedral
• Trigonal bipyramidal
• Octahedral
 atoms lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement Molecular
Class central atom central atom of e- pairs Geometry
AB2 2 0 linear linear

B B
Example:

0 lone pairs on central atom

Cl Be Cl

2 atoms bonded to central atom

 atoms lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement Molecular
Class central atom central atom of e- pairs Geometry
AB2 2 0 linear linear

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
Example:
 atoms lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement Molecular
Class central atom central atom of e- pairs Geometry
AB2 2 0 linear linear
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
Example:
 atoms lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement Molecular
Class central atom central atom of e- pairs Geometry
AB2 2 0 linear linear
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0 bipyramidal bipyramidal
Example:
 atoms lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement Molecular
Class central atom central atom of e- pairs Geometry
AB2 2 0 linear linear
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0 bipyramidal bipyramidal
AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral
Example:
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
trigonal
AB2E 2 1 bent
planar
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral

trigonal
AB3E 3 1 tetrahedral
pyramidal
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral

trigonal
AB3E 3 1 tetrahedral
pyramidal

AB2E2 2 2 tetrahedral bent

O
H H
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
F

F Cl

F
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
trigonal linear
AB2E3 2 3 bipyramidal
I

I
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral

square
AB5E 5 1 octahedral
pyramidal
F
F F
Br
F F
 # of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral

octahedral square
AB5E 5 1
pyramidal
octahedral square
AB4E2 4 2
planar
F F
Xe
F F
 Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and
number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.

e.g: What are the molecular geometries of SO2 and SF4?

O S O F

AB2E AB4E
F S F
distorted
bent tetrahedron
F
Bond polarity and Dipole moment

a.Explaining bond polarity and dipole

moment.
b. Deducing the polarity of molecules based
on the shapes and the resultant dipole
moment.
Bond polarity and Dipole moment
Polar bond ?
Bonds between the atoms that are
polarised because of the difference in
electronegativities of the atoms.
Bond polarity and Dipole moment
Patterns of electronegativity in the Periodic Table

The most electronegative element is fluorine.

Electronegativity always increase towards fluorine
in the Periodic Table.
Bond polarity and Dipole moment

Polar molecule
A dipole molecule in which the positive and
negative pole can be distinguished (because
of the separation of the charge).
Bond polarity and Dipole moment
Polar Molecules

electron
electron
rich
poor
region
region
H F

d+ d-
Dipole moment (µ)?

- A measure of molecular polarity

m=qxr
q = charge (coulomb)
r = the distance between charges (m)
1 D = 3.36 x 10-30 C m

- A polar molecule has µ ≠ 0

Non-polar molecule has µ = 0
•The direction of polarity of a polar bond
can be symbolised by a vector quantity
( ).

•The crossed end of the arrow is the positive

end and the arrow head is the negative end.

H  Cl
Example:

+ 
H  Cl µ≠0

 + 
O = C = O µ=0
Covalent bond between same atoms
 Covalent bond between atoms of the same
element is nonpolar
→ nonpolar molecule.

 Bonding electrons are shared equally.

Example:
F2 : F─F
O2 : O─O
O3 : O─O─O
N2 : N─N
Covalent bond between different atoms
 Covalent bond between different atoms
is polar.
- bonding electrons closer to the more
electronegative atom.

 However, molecules could be polar or

nonpolar, depending on its shape.
Molecules with different atoms &
asymmetrically arranged are polar.
Example:

+ 
H  Cl
 Molecules with different atoms, symmetrically
arranged but having µ = 0 are nonpolar.
Example:

In CCl4, each bond is polar.

The molecule as a whole, however, is nonpolar
Example:

In SF6, each bond is polar.

The molecule is nonpolar
 Molecules with different atoms, symmetrically
arranged but having µ ≠ 0 are polar.
Example:

The molecule is polar because µ ≠ 0 .

The dipole moment arises because the difference
in electronegativity.
Example: Chloromethane ( CH3Cl)
Cl

C
H
H

The molecule is polar because µ ≠ 0 .

The dipole moment arises because the difference
in electronegativity.
 Molecules with lone pairs on the central atom
Let us consider the
molecules in which
there are lone
pairs on the central
atoms.

Note: Molecules which have lone

pairs are usually polar.
Example: Ammonia
( effect of lone pairs )



  0
Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment?
H2O, CO2, SO2, and CH4
S
O
O
O
H
H dipole moment
dipole moment polar molecule
polar molecule
H

H C H
O C O

no dipole moment H
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
(b) Xenon can be covalently bonded to fluorine and oxygen
to form xenon compounds, XeF4
(i) Determine the number of bonding electron pair(s) and
lone electron pair(s) around the central atom xenon.
(ii) State the molecular geometry.
(iii) Predict their polarity.