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2005 Week2 BasicPhysics
2005 Week2 BasicPhysics
Synopsis of MRI
1) Put subject in big magnetic field 2) Transmit radio waves into subject [2~10 ms] 3) Turn off radio wave transmitter 4) Receive radio waves re-transmitted by subject0 5) Convert measured RF data to image
Pairs of spins tend to cancel, so only atoms with an odd number of protons or neutrons have spin
Good MR nuclei are 1H, 13C, 19F, 23Na, 31P
A Single Proton
There is electric charge on the surface of the proton, thus creating a small current loop and generating magnetic moment Q. Q J The proton also has mass which generates an angular momentum J when it is spinning.
Thus proton magnet differs from the magnetic bar in that it also possesses angular momentum caused by spinning.
Magnetic Moment
B I L L F W B
F = IBL Force
Angular Momentum
J = m[=mvr m[=mv
J m v
The magnetic moment and angular momentum are vectors lying along the spin axis
Ref: www.simplyphysics.com
The energy difference between the two alignment states depends on the nucleus ( E = 2 Qz Bo ( E !h R
R!K/2T&S known as Larmor frequency K/2T= 42.57 MHz / Tesla for proton
X-Ray, CT
MRI
Lower Higher
Bo M !c T
Net magnetization
Small B0 produces small net magnetization M Larger B0 produces larger net magnetization M, lined up with B0 Thermal motions try to randomize alignment of proton magnets At room temperature, the population ratio of antiparallel versus parallel protons is roughly 100,000 to 100,006 per Tesla of B0
Precession
j If M is not parallel to B, then it precesses clockwise around the direction of B. Normal (fully relaxed) situation has M parallel to B, and therefore does not precess This is like a gyroscope
T2* decay
Spin coherence is also sensitive to the fact that the magnetic field is not completely uniform Inhomogeneities in the field cause some protons to spin at slightly different frequencies so they lose coherence faster Factors that change local magnetic field (susceptibility) can change T2* decay
Different tissues have different relaxation times. These relaxation time differences can be used to generate image contrast.
T1 - Gray/White matter T2 - Tissue/CSF T2* - Susceptibility (functional MRI)