Gallery Walk

 In the library you will walk around the

bookshelves QUIETLY to view each of
the 10 photographs.
 Part 1-take any notes/observations
you make about the photographs
 Part 2-answer any three of the
questions PLUS write your own
The (Second) AMERICAN
Industrial Revolution
 CORE CONTENT
 a. Evaluate the impact of new inventions and
technologies of the late nineteenth century
 b. Identify and evaluate the influences on
business and industry in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries
 c. Identify labor and workforce issues of the late
nineteenth century, including perspectives of
owners/managers and Social Darwinists
 d. Explain the challenges and contributions of
immigrants of the late nineteenth century
 e. Explain the causes and impact of urbanization
in the late nineteenth century
 The Second Industrial Revolution
 Since the Civil War, the United States developed into an industrial powerhouse.
During the late 1800s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of
industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and
communication
 Technological Innovations and Industrial
Development from 1865 to 1920

 During this time, the US

Grew to become the world’s
leading industrial nation.
WHAT FACTORS LED TO
THIS?
 Abundance natural

resources
 Financing

 Plentiful supply of labor

 Technological developments

**
 Reading Notes

 Read Section 2 and 3

answering the questions and
completing the graphs over
new inventions and
technologies
 Reading Notes Section 2
Section 2
 1. The United States evolved from a
largely agricultural nation into a
complex industrial society.

 2.Capitalists provided financial

backing for the scientific research
that led to many new inventions.
They provided funds to build
railroads, mills, and factories
furnished with machinery and
supplies.

 3. Capitalism is an economic system

in which factories, equipment, and
other means of production are
privately owned rather than being
controlled by government .
 4. Telegraph lines brought
dramatic progress in
communications.
Messages could quickly be
sent anywhere in the
country where there was a
telegraph line. The
invention of the telephone
led to commercial lines,
allowing businesses and
eventually individual
homes to quickly contact
each other.
- One invention - BESSEMER PROCESS
Promoted the
expansion of iron and
steel manufacturing
 Increased productivity
 Revolutionized steel
manufacturing by
decreasing labor costs
especially in bridges
and buildings
 THOMAS EDISON
 Light bulb –gave
birth to the electric
power industry.
 1882- Edison built
a central station in
NYC
 HUGE impact on
American industry
– Could you live
without electricity?
 
"Be courageous! Whatever
setbacks America has encountered,
it has always emerged as a
stronger and more prosperous
nation...."
"Be brave as your fathers before
you. Have faith and go forward"
Thomas Alva Edison"
Research inventions activity
After civil war, factory owners improved
mass production by?
 Building specialized
machinery that could
produce identical parts
for quick assembly

Why did they no longer

need skilled workers?
Unskilled workers could
run the machines
cheaper
 4. Corporations were formed to provide businesses
with the capital necessary to expand. Corporations
are run by the stock owners, who profit from the
corporation’s success.

 5. Monopolies, such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil,

dominate an industry by eliminating competition.
Trusts are sets of companies managed by a small
group of trustees that prevent companies in the trust
from competing with each other.
 SECTION 3
3 .Taylor’s time-and-motion studies
determined the most efficient way
to perform each task in a
production process. Industrialists
such as Henry Ford applied these
principles to their factories,
creating assembly lines in which
each person completed one small
task. This increased productivity
and resulted in cheaper goods.
 Industry and Railroad
 Oil - In the mid-1800s people
began to refine oil found on
coastal waters and lakes for
kerosene lamps.
 Steel - In the 1850s a new
method made steel-making
faster and cheaper and by 1910
the U.S. was the world’s top
steel producer.
 Transcontinental Railroad - In
May 1869 the two rail lines met
in the Utah Territory, linking east
and west. Throughout the
country railroads expanded into
a vast network.
The Rise of Big Business
 Under laissez-
faire capitalism,
which is French
for “leave alone,”
companies
operated without
government
interference.
 Social
Darwinism
explained how
business was like
nature: only the
strongest
GOVT did help industry

 How did it help the railroads?

 By giving it free land

-Govt sold natural resources very cheap.

-Imposed a tariff on foreign goods.

-1877 to 1900 American exports doubled

-STRONGEST INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY in the
world by 1900
GOVT LIMITS BUSINESS
 In 1890 concerned about Corporate actions
that interfered with free trade the government
passed the Sherman Anti-Trust act.
(outlawed monopolies that restricted
trade)

 Act was ineffective as only a few

companies were prosecuted under the
act.
Industrial Tycoons
Cornelius Vanderbilt
 Shipping
Industry in
New York
 Invested in
Railroads
during the
Civil War
 Donated
money to
education for
the public
George Pullman
 Built sleeper cars to make long distance
train travel more comfortable
 JP MORGAN
 Wealthy banker,
financier,
philanthropist
 Expedites the  If you have to ask h
growth of American ow much it costs, y
business through ou can't afford it.
finance
 Created
monopolies like
General Electric
(GE) from Edison
Electric and Steel
industry
 CAPTAIN OF STEEL
 Immigrant from Scotland
 Founded 1st steel plants to
use Bessemer Process
 Established Carnegie Steel
Company which Dominated
Steel industry
 Used VERTICAL
INTEGRATION - controlled
every step in production and
distribution of product
 CARNEGIE THE PHILANTHROPIST
 He preached a Gospel of
Wealth A man who dies
 Rich people have a duty rich dies disgraced
to use their wealth for
improvement of mankind.
 Carnegie donated money
for public libraries, art
institutes, & promoted
international peace.
 Started Standard Oil as a
refinery
 Refined half of the U.S. oil
by 1875- Monopoly
 Horizontal integration
- joining together the
firms of the same industry
– control all of industry –
oil
 Used a trust
 Wealthy but a terrible
reputation for ruthless
tactics
 Philanthropist – supported
medical research,
education and arts

 Why do historians believe
these men are ROBBER
BARONS?
 Drove competitors out of
business
 Robbed the nation of
national resources
 Bribed public officials
 Raised prices
 Paid low wages and poor
working conditions
 WHAT DO YOU THINK?
WHY CAPTAIN OF
INDUSTRY?
 Worked hard and
used new technology
 Financed and
organized business
efficiently
 Created jobs for
millions of Americans
 Middle class growth
 Improved standard of
living
 GILDED AGE 1877- 1900

 This age of industrialization is often called

the GILDED AGE- coined by Mark Twain –
Gilded means covered with a thin layer of
GOLD.
 Thin but glittering layer of prosperity
covered the poverty and corruption of
much of society