4.

3 SOLIDS
 have a fixed
shape and a
fixed
volume
The particles are The space
closely packed between the
and strongly held
in fixed positions particles of
by strong solids is
attractive forces negligible
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLIDS

force of
attraction
cannot be between the
compressed particles is
very strong
have high
density
Types of Solids

Crystalline
Solid

Amorphous
Solid
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
Crystalline solid generally has a well-defined shape because have regular 3-
dimensional arrangement.

AMORPHOUS SOLID
Amorphous solid lacks well-defined faces and shape because the particles are
randomly arranged with no order.
 Differences Between
CRYSTALINE SOLID AMORPHOUS SOLID
ARRANGEMENT OF The particles (atoms,molecules or ions) The particles are randomly arranged
PARTICLES are closely packed and with no order structure.
have an ordered 3-dimensional
arrangement.

FORCE OF Crystalline components are held together The forces are different from one
ATTRACTION by uniform intermolecular forces particle to the other particle
BETWEEN
PARTICLES
MELTING POINT Have a definite(specific) melting points do not have definite melting points
because of the uniform arrangement of but melt over a wide range of
their components temperature because of the irregular
shape
EXAMPLE ice, diamond,sodium chloride(NaCI), Glass, rubber, plastic
graphite
LATTICE STRUCTURE & UNIT
CELL
 The arrangement of the particles in solids is studied by using X-
ray diffraction analysis.
 -Crystalline solid are orderly arranged in a 3-dimensional pattern
which is called crystal lattice.
 Crystal lattice :  the symmetrical 3-dimensional structural
arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules (constituent
particle) inside a crystalline solid as points
 Lattice : pattern of point repeat
Characteristics of Crystal
Lattice
•Particle is represented by a single point.
•These points are called lattice site or lattice point.
•Lattice points are together joined by a straight line
in a crystal lattice.
•When we connect these straight lines we can get a
Lattice point three-dimensional view of the structure. This 3D
arrangement is called Crystal Lattice
 Unit Cell is the smallest part (portion) of a crystal lattice.
 It is the simplest repeating unit in a crystal structure.
 The entire lattice is generated by the repetition of the unit cell in different
directions.
 Cubic unit cell : the simplest lattice structure
 TYPES OF UNIT CELL
 Simple Cubic : KCI, Polonium
 Face-centered Cubic (FCC) : Alkali metals : K,Na,Li,Fe
 Body-centered Cubic (BCC) :Cu,NaCl,Ar,Al

• Each sphere represents an atom or an ion.

• In the simple cubic system, the atoms or ions are at
the corners of the unit cell only.
• In the face-centered unit cell, there are also atoms or
ions in the center of each of the six faces of the unit
cell.
• In the body-centered unit cell, there is one atom or
ion in the center of the unit cell in addition to the
corner atoms or ions.