Class : B.

Tech Civil Engg

Subject: Water and Wastewater
Treatment
Unit-I
Prepared by

Introduction to Water Supply

Scheme
Dr. Madhukar V Jadhav
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, 423603
Mail- jadhavmadhukarcivil@Sanjivani.org.in,
9552021276
 UNIT –I
Introduction to water supply scheme

a) Introduction to water supply scheme:

b) Quantity (water requirement for various purposes)

c) Quality of water
Water is the basic need of all living being
• NECESSITY OF WATER
 Drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, sanitary
purpose.
 Industrial Processes, Steam generation.
 Swimming pools, water games(parks).
 Ornamental displays like fountains.
 Watering lawns, gardens and roads.
 For modern applications such as air conditioners,
dish washers, washing machines etc.
 For extinguishing fires
 Irrigation purposes.
 Water supply scheme : Various
• Selection of source phases
• Collection and conveyance of raw water
• Treatment of water
• Pumping and storage of water in ESR
• Distribution of water
DATA TO BE COLLECTED FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
1. Source of water
2. Quantity of water required
- - Population to served
- - Water demands- domestic, public, industrial
- - Design period
3.Quality of water 4. Survey data
5. Map or plan of town or city and
6. Acquisition of land & compensations
 Components of water supply scheme

Water Source Intake Structure Pumping Unit

Rising/ falling Treatment Distribution

ESR
main Units System
 layout of water supply scheme

Source Intake Well Jack Well Aeration

Sand Storage
Clarifier Disinfection ESR
filter Tank

Distribution
 Design period
• Future estimated period of number of years for which
provision is made in designing the capacities of various
components/units of water supply scheme is called as
design period.
DESIGN PERIOD FOR VARIOS COMPONENTS OF WTP

Sr. Components Suggested design

No Period
1. Dam, Weir, Intake Structure, 30 – 35 Years
Reservoir, penstock pipe
2. Treatment units- aerator, clarifier, 20 – 30 Years
filter
3. Distribution System
a) Pipe less than 300 mm Dia. 30 Years
b) Pipe More than 300 mm Dia. 20 – 25 Years
 Various Types of Water
Consumption/Demands

• Domestic consumption/Demand
• Industrial and commercial Demand
• Public Demand
• Fire fighting Demand.
•Domestic consumption: the water required for
actual household activities is known as domestic
demand. It includes water required for drinking,
cooking, bathing, washing flushing of toilets etc.
Details of Domestic consumption
Purpose

Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Cleaning of utensils and house 20
Washing of clothes 20
Flushing of water closets(W.C.) 30
Bathing 55
TOTAL 135
• Industrial and Commercial Demand: Industry requires large
quantity of water for manufacturing, cooling operation, steam
generation, for processing and sanitation. This is known as
industrial demand. Commercial demand includes water
required for private offices, restaurants, cinema halls motor
garages and small scale industries. This demand can be
expressed per capita demand ,by dividing the industrial
demand by the population of the area.

Details of Industrial and commercial

ACTIVITY Demand
DEMAND(lit/capita/day)

Factories 30-45
Offices 45
Restaurants/seat 70
Hotels/person 180
Cinema/seat 15
• Public Demands: It includes water required for washing
of roads, cleaning of public sewers, watering of parks,
gardens water fountains, swimming pools, flushing of
water closets and urinals, hospitals, hotels, schools and
colleges. This demand is about 5 percentage of total
demand.
Details of Public Demands
ACTIVITY DEMAND
Public gardens 1.4 lit/m2/day
Street washing 1.0 lit/m2/day
Sewer cleaning 4.5 lit/head/day
Hospitals 340 - 450 lit/bed/day
Hotels 135 lit/head/day
Schools(without boarding) 45 lit/head/day
Schools(with boarding) 135 lit/head/day
Fire fighting Demand
 Factors affecting per capita demand in a
community
• People's habits
• Industrialization
• Public Services
• Climatic conditions
• Systems of water supply
• Meter system
• System of drainage
• Availability of supplementary sources
• Distribution pressure
• Cost of water
 Population forecasting
1. Arithmetic Increase Method:
•This method is generally applicable to large and old
cities.
•In this method average increase of population per
decade is calculated from the past records and added
to the present population to find out population of
next decade.
•This method gives a low value and is suitable for
well settled and established cities.
Pn = P + n x i
Pn = Population after n decade
P = Present population, n = Nos of decades
i = Average increase in population
 2. Geometric increase method
• In this method percentage increase in population from
decade to decade remains constant.
• Therefore, the average value of percentage increase in
population is calculated and the future population are
calculated at this rate.
• This method gives much higher value and mostly
applicable for growing towns and cities having vast scope
for expansion.

Pn = P( 1 + r/100)n
Where r = Average percentage rate of population increase
P = Present population
Pn = Population after n decade
 3. Incremental Increase method
• This method is the combination of arithmetic
increase method and geometric increase method.
• Hence ,combines the advantages of both methods
and gives satisfactory results.
• In this method, average increase per decade is first
calculated and to this average of net incremental
increase once for every future decade is added.

Pn = P + n x i + n(n + 1)/2 x I
Where I = Average incremental increase
i = Average increase per decade
n = Nos of decades
• Decreasing rate of increase method
• Graphical comparison method
• Graphical extension method
• Quality of water:
• Water quality is determined by physical, chemical and
microbiological properties of water. Also called as
characteristics of water or examination of water
• Physical Characteristics of Water
• Physical characteristics of water (temperature, colour,
taste, odour and turbidity etc.) are determined by
senses of touch, sight, smell and taste. For example
temperature by touch, colour, floating debris, turbidity
and suspended solids by sight, and taste and odour by
smell
• Chemical Characteristics of Water
• The chemical characteristics of natural water are a
reflection of the soils and rocks with which the water
has been in contact.
• In addition, agricultural and urban runoff and municipal
and industrial treated wastewater impact the water
quality.
• Microbial and chemical transformations also affect the
chemical characteristics of water.
• Chemical characteristics includes; pH, Alkalinity,
hardness, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, Sulphates, heavy
metals, poisonous chemicals etc.
Water Quality Parameters for Drinking Water as per BIS Standards (IS10500)

Sr. No Parameters HDL, Permissible MPL , Maximum

Limit Limit
1 Odor Agreeable Agreeable
2 Taste Agreeable Agreeable
3  pH 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
4  TDS (mg/l) 500 2000
5  Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l) 200 600
6  Alkalinity (as CaCO3) (mg/l) 200 600
7  Nitrate (mg/l) 45 No relaxation
8 Sulfate (mg/l) 200 400
9  Fluoride (mg/l) 1 1.5
10  Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000
11  Turbidity (NTU) 1 5
12  Arsenic (mg/l) 0.01 0.05
13  Copper (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
14  Cadmium (mg/l) 0.003 No relaxation
15  Chromium (mg/l) 0.05 No relaxation
16  Lead (mg/l) 0.01 No relaxation
17  Iron (mg/l) 0.3 No relaxation
18  Zinc (mg/l) 5 15
19  Fecal Coliform (cfu) 0 0
THANK YOU