Retrieval of a Memory

A memory is not a
snapshot stored in
the brain – it must
be put together
from information
stored in various
parts of the brain
Brain Teaser
If you were running a race, and
you passed the person in 2nd
place, what place would you be
in now?
Second
Brain Teaser
AHIMNOTUVW
Which of the letters above does not
belong with the rest?
N It is not a mirror-image of itself
Brain Teaser
There is a town where 5% of all the people
living there have unlisted phone numbers. If
you selected 100 names at random from the
town’s phone directory, on average, how
many of these people would have unlisted
phone numbers?
0 They would not be in the phone book if
their number was unlisted
Learning Targets
 By end of this lesson, you should be able
to:
 List and describe the ways of
categorizing neurons based on structure.
 List and describe the ways of
categorizing neurons based on function.
 Label the parts of a neuron.
Functions of the Nervous System
1. Control center for all body activities
2. Responds and adapts to changes
that occur both inside and outside
the body
(Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)
Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves : visible
bundles of axons
and dendrites that
extend from the
brain and spinal
cord to all other
parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous
System
A. any nerves outside the
brain and spinal cord
B. Autonomic nervous
system: controls involuntary
body functions
Peripheral Nervous System
Made of all nerves outside
the brain and spinal cord
Consists of cranial and
spinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous
System
Helps maintain a balance
in involuntary functions of
the body. But allows the
body to react in times of
emergency.
2 divisions of ANS
 Sympathetic  Parasympathetic
nervous  counter acts the
system sympathetic ns
 acts
in after the
emergency emergency
SNS PNS
 increase  decrease heart rate
heart rate
 increase resp. rate  decrease resp. rate

 increase b/p  decrease b/p

 decrease digestive  increase digestive

system activity system activity

Neuron: Nerve Cell
 Basicstructural unit of the nervous
system
 Consists of:
 nucleus

 nerve fibers /dentrites

 axon
-Responsibilities:
- Sensory nerves -
carry messages from
body to brain (pain,
pressure,
temperature)

- Motor nerves – carry

messages from brain
to body to respond
Nerves
 Sensory Nerves:
 carrymessages to brain and
spinal cord from body
 Motor Nerves:
 carrymessages from brain and
spinal cord to body
 Afferent-sensory nerves carry
message to brain
 Efferent-motor neurons carry
message from brain to muscle
 Associate- do both
Connecting or Mixed
Nerves:
Carry both sensory and
motor messages
Nervous Tissue is composed of
two major cell types: neurons
and neuroglial cells.
Larger axons are
enclosed by sheaths
of myelin produced
by Schwann cells.

Narrow gaps in the myelin

sheath between Schwann cells
are called nodes of Ranvier.
Nerves are
cable-like
bundles of
axons.

Neuroglial cells
provide physical
support,
insulation
(myelin), and
nutrients for
neurons.
 The Neurons

 
 Central Nervous System
Neurons :
microscopic nerve
cells that make up
the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves

- 30,000 neurons can

fit on a pinhead
Anatomy of a Neuron
Each neuron contains:
- Cell body with nucleus
- Dendrites : fibers that
receive messages
from other neurons
- Axons : fibers that
send messages to
other neurons
 Neurons do NOT
touch; there is a
gap between them
called a synapse
 Messages are sent
across the
synapses by special
chemicals called
neurotransmitters
Communication Between
Neurons
- The use of
neurotransmitters
causes an electrical
current
There is enough
electrical current in
the brain to power a
flashlight