EXTRACTION

part 2
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION:

 A liquid-liquid extraction either transfers an

organic compound that is dissolved in an
aqueous phase to an organic solvent, or it is
used to transfer unreacted reactants, salts,
and other water-soluble impurities to the
aqueous phase while leaving the organic
compound of interest in the organic phase.
Immiscible liquids are liquids that never form
a homogenous solution, even when thoroughly
mixed. Instead, immiscible liquids separate
into different phases, like oil and water.
 To perform a liquid-liquid extraction, first, the
aqueous solution containing the solute is added to a
separatory funnel. Then, a non-water-soluble
organic solvent is added to the separatory funnel.
When the contents of the funnel are mixed well,
the organic compound partitions into the organic
phase based on its higher solubility in the organic
phase than the aqueous phase.
 Since the two solvents are immiscible, the
two liquids form discrete layers, with the
dense liquid on the bottom and the less
dense liquid on the top. Once the two phases
settle back into two layers, they are
separated by opening the stopcock at the
bottom of the separatory funnel and allowing
one layer to flow out. The liquid that had the
solute removed is called the raffinate, while
the liquid that gained the solute is called the
extract.
ACID BASE EXTRACTION METHOD:

 is a type of liquid-liquid extraction.

 is typically used to separate organic compounds from

each other based on their acid-base properties.

 The method rests on the assumption that most organic

compounds are more soluble in organic solvents than they
are in water. However, if the organic compound is
rendered ionic, it becomes more soluble in water than in
the organic solvent. These compounds can easily be made
into ions either by adding a proton (an H + ion), making
the compound into a positive ion, or by removing a
proton, making the compound into a negative ion.
EXAMPLE
 consider a mixture containing an organic carboxylic acid, an
amine, and a neutral compound. Carboxylic acids consisting
of six carbons or more are insoluble in water and entirely
soluble in organic solvents. However, their conjugate bases
(an ionic compound) are water-soluble and insoluble in
organic solvents. An amine consisting of at least seven
carbons is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
The conjugate acid of that amine (an ionic compound) is
water-soluble and insoluble in organic solvents.

 When reacted with a base, the carboxylic acid is neutralized

to its salt form. The other compounds in the mixture remain
neutral. Once the carboxylic acid is transformed into a salt,
it will partition to the aqueous phase, while the neutral
compounds remain in the organic phase.
COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION
 - Craig Apparatus.
 (Lyman C. Craig, 1943). 
 A method of multiple liquid-liquid extractions is
countercurrent extraction, which permits the
separation of substances with different distribution
coefficients (ratios).

 Craig apparatus consists of a series of glass tubes (r:

0, 1, 2..) that are designed and arranged such that
the lighter liquid phase is transferred from one tube
to the next. The liquid-liquid extractions are taking
place simultaneously in all tubes of the apparatus
which is usually driven electromechanically.
ANIMATED PICTURE OF A SINGLE GLASS
TUBE THE TYPICAL
"EXTRACTION/TRANSFER" CYCLE IS SHOWN.
HYDRODISTILLATION