YUSUF MAITAMA SULE UNIVERSITY, KANO

FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
 ACADEMIC YEAR:- 2022/2023
 COURSE CODE:- PYS 2204
 COURSE TITLE:- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
 ASSIGNMENT TITLE:- RENAL ACID-BASE BALANCE AND RENAL WATER
BALANCE
SUBMITTED BY
EVEN NUMBERS GROUP
 LEVEL:- 200 LEVEL
 PROGRAM:- HUMAN ANATOMY/ HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
 SUBMITTED TO
 INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: PROF. RABI’U ABDUSSALAM MAGAJI.
BSc. MSc. PhD
(HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY)

 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 9TH NOVEMBER, 2022

RENAL WATER
BALANCE
 INTRODUCTION
 MAINTAINING WATER BALANCE IN THE KIDNEY
 OSMOREGULATION
 INTRODUCTION
 Wateris a must critical nutrient for sustaining life. It make up 2/3 of the body
and help to digest food. Water makes up to 60% of the body weight and 70% of
the muscles. Water is richest component of all living organism the fundamental
importance in maintaining both structure and function of issues.

 The source of most body water is dietary food and fluid although a small
amount (called metabolic water) is formed by cellular metabolism. Water is
excreted as the main constitution of urine in expired air, faces and through the
skin as sweat.
 Theamount lost in expired air and faces is fairly constant the
balance between fluid intake and output is controlled by the kidney.
The minimum urinary output (i.e. the smallest volume required to
excreted by water product is about 500ml per day).

 Water balance is achieved in the body by ensuring the amount of

water consumed in the food and drink (generated by metabolism),
equal is the amount of water excreted. The consumption side is
regulated by behavioral mechanism.

 The kidney plays a major role in the control of water balance by its
ability to adjust water excretion.
 Independently of solute excretion. In the other words, a given
solute load can be excreted in a variable volume of urine
according to water availability.

 The kidney can directly control the volume of bodily fluid is by

the amount of water excreted in the urine either the kidneys can
conserve water by producing urine that is dilute relative
plasma.
 MAINTAINING WATER BALANCE IN THE
KIDNEY
 The kidneys are organs of the urinary system which remove excess water,
salt and urea from the body.

 Blood is transported to the kidney through the renal artery. The blood is
filtered at a high pressure and the kidney selectively reabsorbs any useful
materials such as glucose, salt ions and water. After the blood has been
purified, it returns to the circulatory system through the renal vein. The
kidneys produce urine. The amount of water in the urine is controlled by the
kidney, which helps to maintain water balance. The urine is taken from the
kidney to the bladder by the ureters. The bladder stores the urine until it is
convenient to expel it from the body.
OSMOREGULATION:

 Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining

salt and water balance across membrane within
the body the fluid inside and surrounding cells
are composed of water, electrolytes and non-
electrolytes.
 Thereis a constant input of water and electrolytes in to the
system. The excess water are transported to the kidneys and
excreted helping to maintain osmotic balance.

 Each kidney contains over 1 million microscopic filtering

unit called nephrons. Each nephron is made of a kidney
tubule and is responsible for cleaning the blood by removing
urea, excess water and mineral ions.
STAGE I:
FILTRATION
Blood passes through capillaries and enters
the nephron at high pressure. This aids
ultra-filtration of the blood where small
molecules are filtered out and pass into the
nephrons tubule. These small molecules like
water is too big to fit through the capillary
wall and remain in the blood.
STAGE II:
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
 Having filtered out small molecules from the blood
that are not needed, the kidneys must reabsorb the
molecules which are needed, but still leaves
molecules that are not needed to pass out in the urine.
The kidneys selectively reabsorb only those molecules
which the body needs back in the blood stream. As
much water as the body needs to maintain a constant
water level in the blood plasma.
STAGE II:
THE URINE FORMATION
The molecules which are not selectively
reabsorbed (the urea, excess water and
ions) continue along the nephron tubule
as urine. This eventually passes down to
the bladder via the ureter.
These three stages allow the kidney to
fulfill its function of regulating the water
balance and ion balance of the blood
plasma as well as keeping the urea low.
RENAL ACID-BASE
BALANCE
 DEFINITION AND MEANING OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
 RENAL CONTROL OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
 REANAL BUFFERING SYSTEM
 Acid-based balance is concerned with maintaining a normal
hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluid, this balance is
achieved by utilization of buffers in extracellular fluid and
intracellular fluid, by respiratory mechanism that excrete
carbon dioxide, and by renal mechanism that reabsorb
bicarbonate ions.
 Kidneyplays an important role in maintenance of acids-
based balance by excreting hydrogen ions and retaining
bicarbonate ions.
Normally, urine is acidic in nature with pit
of 4.5 to 6 metabolic activities in the body
produce large quality of acids (with lot of
hydrogen ions), which threaten to push the
body toward acidosis.
 DEFINITION AND MEANING OF ACID-BASE
BALANCE
Acid: any compound which form H+ ion in solution
(proton donor) e.g. carbon acid releases H+ ions

Base: any with combine with H+ ions in solution

(proton acceptor) e.g. bicarbonate (HCO3- ) accept H+
ions normal PH. This value in the human body is 7.35-
7.45.
 RENAL CONTROL OF ACID-BASE
BALANCE
The kidney control acid-balance by
excreting either acidic or basic Urine reduce
the amount of acid in extracellular fluid,
Where as excreting basic urine remove base
form extracellular fluid.
 The overall mechanism by which the kidney excrete or
basic urine as follows:
Large number of HC_3 are filtered continuously into the
tubules. And if they are excreted in to the urine, this removes
base from the blood. Large numbers of H+ are also secreted
into the tubular lumen by the tubular epithelial cells, thus
removing acid from the blood. If more H + is secreted than
HCO-3 is filtered, there will be a net loss of acid from the
extracellular fluid conversely, if more HCO -3 is filtered than
H+ is secreted, there will be a net loss of base.
 The kidney prevent the loss of bicarbonate in the urine, a task that is

quantitatively more important than the excretion of non-volatile

acids. Each day the kidneys filter about 4320m Eq of HCO3 (180

l/day x 24 mEq/L): under normal conditions almost all this is

reabsorbed from the tubules, thereby conserving the primary buffer

system of the extracellular fluid.

 REANAL BUFFERING SYSTEM
 The renal buffering system is the slowest
compensatory mechanism for maintaining acid-base
balance. The kidney eliminate hydrogen and reabsorb
bicarbonate within the tubules of nephron. This is the
process by with the kidney regulate the pit.
 If acidity is too high, more hydrogen will be
recreated in the urine. If alkalosis is present, the
kidney will retain hydrogen and excrete bicarbonate.
MECHANISM INVOLVED IN SECRETION
OF HYDROGEN IONS
IN RENAL TUBULE
 MECHANISM SEGMENT OF RENAL TUBULE
Sodium Hydrogen Pump Distal Convoluted Tubule

ATP- Drive Proton Pump Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Duct

Bicarbonate Mechanism Proximal Convolved Tubule

Loop Of Henle

Distal Convolved Tubule

Phosphate Mechanism Distal Convolved Tubule

Collecting Duct

Ammonia Mechanism Proximal Convoluted Tubule

 REFERENCES
 Kneffer M.A kwon T.I Nielsons (2019): Molecular
 Physiology of water balance the New England journal of medicine, 372 (14), 1358.
 Ross and Wilson Anatomy and physiology in Health and illneo
  
 Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical physiology
 13rd Edition
 By john E. Hall, PhD, Arthur C. Guyton professor and chair, Department of physiology and Biophysics,
Director, Mississippi center for obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical center, Jackson,
Mississippi (2015)
 Chapter 31
 Page 407
 Essentials of medical physiology
 6th edition, k. sembulingam PhD and prema sembulingam PhD (2012)
 Chapter 54
 Page 321