ARCHITECTURAL

STRUCTURES
ARSC443
MODULE 101
1
 COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. The course aims to analyze the performance of reinforce
concrete in accordance to applicable working stress design as
the basic requirement in the analysis of structures and actual
site conditions.
2. It aims to provide analytical procedures in the Design and
Investigation of simply supported reinforced concrete structures
and its applicable concepts in the field of Architecture.
3. It aims to incorporate relevant provisions of the National Building
Code, National Structural code, and American Concrete Institute
based upon their results.
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TOPIC OBJECTIVE:
1. To associate logical reasons in the design of present
day Architectural structures
2. To differentiate the concept of Architecture with
structural principles and merge them into a single
entity to achieve greater purpose.

2
 BUILDING STRUCTURES

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 BUILDING and STRUCTURE are interchangeable in its
common use, inseparable and intimately related to each
other.
While building is a vertical development intended for human
habitation,
a structure can take any form either vertical or horizontal
with an almost unlimited function
above or below the ground, in surface water or below, at
the air above, or far out to the outer space.
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 In Architecture, a structure provide strength and stability to
a building.
The strength of the structural sub components resist
internal and external forces applied to the building and
safely transfer the loads to the ground.
(Internal).
As addressed by its structural sub-components.

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 STABILITY is the ability of the structure to maintain its
shape.
Not to deform and not to drift.
External composition of the building as a whole resisting
environmental loads including its own weight.
The building as the body subjected to external forces in
equilibrium.
Structural connectivity,.. all buildings by theoretical
application is cantilevered
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Figure 3 Plot the shear & moment
5 KN
2M C 1M diagram of the figure.
10 KN/M 2. Find the support reactions
A 3M B Eq.1 RAX = 0
1. Draw the FBD Eq.2 RAY – [(10)(3)]-5 = 0
RAY = 35 KN
Eq.3
-MA- (35)(3) + (10)(3)() +
5(1) =0
MA = - 105 + 45 + 5
MA = - 55 KN.M 19
 MA = - 60 KN.M 5 KN 4. calculate the shear force
10 KN/M using f(X) = 35 -10(X) start
at 0, end at 3, and step…
RAX A 3M B every 1 meter.
=0 RAY =35 KN V0= 35 M0= -60
40 V1= 25 M1= -30
30
20 V2= 15 M2= -10
10 V3= 5 M3 = 0
0
0 Integrate shear to moment
10
20
using f(X) = -60+35X -5X2
30 start at 0, end at 3, and
40
50 step… every 1 meter. 18
60
 BLDG WT
WIND
OCCUPANT
BEHAVIOR
LOAD
LIVE & DEAD LOAD

MA SEISMIC
EARTH WAVE
RAY
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 Foundation
is the transitional structure to
VERTICAL
TOTAL
safely transfer the loads to
LOAD
LOAD
the comparatively weaker
ground. L B = L S

The total load is equal to the Present condition of

the soil is carrying
total weight of the soil
the same weight as
extracted SOIL it was before the
excavation.
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 In the analysis of soil profile, the building weight can either
be to the soil weight if proper analysis done by a
Geotechnical Engineer.
Geotechnical engineer and structural engineer work hand in
hand to modify the property of soil and provide safe analysis
of the load transfer.
By these definitions,…
What is Architectural structures?
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 A Structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to
form a system capable of supporting loads.

Architectural Structures:  
Is a system or group of sub-systems to hold the components
of a certain system and transfer the load through the
members of a structure to provide stability and durability.

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 In word morphology, what does it mean to assimilate
Structural architecture
It is an integration of structural profession in collaboration to
architecture to produce structures satisfying the principles of
the Architecture profession.
Meaning, Architectural Structures is the integration of the
Architecture profession in collaboration to structural
engineering to produce a Work of Art for human habitation.
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 Hence, without structural integrity, the evolution of space and
form alone does not guarantee good Architecture.
for a good architecture embraces the analysis of structural
behavior in a building.
The art and science in building design
needs systematic approach covering all the elements of
design. (basic… function, stability, aesthetics)
THE PURPOSE OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
PROVIDE,…
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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE
By building use.
Shelter

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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE
By building use.
Work and leisure

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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE
Function
By support element
Columns
Truss column

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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE
Function
By support element
Beam
Tensile roof

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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE

Horizontal span

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 SUPPORT STRUCTURE

Horizontal span
and Vertical span
Vertical truss

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 ORDERING SYSTEM

Geometry
Classical

Acropolis Athens, 650 – 480 B.C.

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 ORDERING SYSTEM

Geometry
Deconstructivism

Novartis Campus, Basel, 2009

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 hippodrome
SPACE MAKER

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 SPACE MAKER

National Stadium of Sports Affairs Council, Toyo Ito & Associates, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2009

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 FORM GIVER
Dome

St. Peters, Rom, 16th century, Bramante, Michelangelo, etc.

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 FORM GIVER
Geodesic dome

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 FORM GIVER
Free form

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 Synthesis of architectural and structural form
In this case, the structure of
the wall is supporting the roof,
the tendency of the load is to
fall vertically, but the 360º
horizontal shell structure acting
as diaphragm transfer the load
outward to the buttress and to
the ground supporting the
building envelop.
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 Buttress are not always external to the
walls of a building.
The core system is an evolution of the
buttress supporting the lateral loads of
a structure.
A large column hollow in the inside.
The shear core gathers loads along
the longitudinal axis of the shear core.

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 The horizontal length of the wall with
respect to the building height is the
resistance ratio.
Therefore the larger the core, the greater
the resistance to lateral loads.
By reinforcing the external walls of the
building transforms the structure into a
frame. The Tubular System
The Trussed Tube John Hancock Center
introduced trussed tube design
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 The Bundled Tube System
The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the
tubular walls.
The spacing which make it
possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning.
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 TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
This variation of the framed
tube consists of an outer
frame tube, the “Hull,”
together
The Hull and core act jointly
in resisting both gravity and
lateral loading.

Lumbago Tatung Haji Building, Kuala Lumpur

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 TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM

The outer framed tube and

the inner core interact
horizontally as the shear
and flexural components of
a wall-frame structure, with
the benefit of increased
lateral stiffness.
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 TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM

The spacing which make it

possible to place interior
frame lines without
seriously compromising
interior space planning.

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 TYPES OF CORE SYSTEMS

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 TYPES OF TUBULAR SYSTEMS

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 STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SHEAR FRAME SYSTEM
Resists lateral deformation by
joints
Requires high bending stiffness
of columns and beams
Rigid joints are essential for
stability

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BRACED FRAME SYSTEM
All buildings are supported
only at one end, therefore the
connectivity to the ground is
theoretically cantilevered.
Lateral forces are resisted by
axial actions of the bracing
and columns
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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
OUTRIGGER BRACED SYSTEM

1 or 2 storey deep truss

connects core to perimeter
columns
Increase bending rigidity
Dependent of rigid core for
shear resistance.
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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
CORE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Lateral and gravity load

supported by central core
Moment supported floors
are inefficient.

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
DAMPER SYSTEM

A pendulum is incorporated
in the building to act as
counter weight for external
forces.

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 TAIPEI 101

A combination of core.
Outrigger for every 8
floors.
With a damper system
located at the 88 floor.

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 Foundation Types
Raft foundation: one of the most common foundation. It is
known for its load distributing capability.

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 Foundation Types
Pile foundation: Load of building is distributed deep into the
soil.
Transfer the loads into the ground with an adequate factor
of safety

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 Foundation Types
Combined raft-pile: is the hybrid of 2 foundation. It consists
of both the pile and raft foundation. Useful in marshy sandy
soil that has low bearing capacity.

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 Shell Structure
Achieve the most pure synthesis of architectural and
structural forms.
Known as ‘surface structures’, shells resist and transfer
loads within their minimal thicknesses.
They rely upon their three-dimensional curved geometry
and correct orientation and placement of supports for
their adequate structural performance.
Allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of
internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior.
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 Shell Structure

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 Skin And Membrane Structure
The Membrane is a thin, flexible surface that carries loads
primarily through the development of tension forces.

Hajj Terminal, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Skidmore, Owings

and Merrill
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 Cabled Structure
Cables can be of mild steel, high strength steel (drawn
carbon steel), stainless steel, polyester .
Structural cables are made of a series of small strands
twisted together to form a much larger cable

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 Pneumatic Structure
Membranes that obtain its stability through internal
pressurization.

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 Truss Structure
Trusses are composed of straight
members connected at their ends by
hinged connections to form a stable
configuration.
Because of their light weight and high
strength, are among the most
commonly used to span long lengths
in place of solid
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 Truss Structure
Trusses provide complete flexibility in exterior cladding.

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 Planar Truss
The simplest form of a
truss is one single triangle
Space Frame Truss
A three-dimensional
framework of triangles.

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 Arch
It provides a structure which
eliminates tensile stresses in
spanning open space.
All the forces are resolved
into compressive stresses.
All the compressive forces
hold it together in a state of
equilibrium
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 Cylindrical shells and vaults
Barrel vault is an elongated
arch.
Ribbed vault is an
intertwined Barrel vault.
All the compressive forces
hold it together in a state of
equilibrium

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 Case study
Leaning tower of Pizza
Petronas tower
Falling waters

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 Thank you
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 REFERNCES
THE NEW GEOMETRY
Prof. Wolfgang Schueller
Building Structures as Architecture
Prof. Wolfgang Schueller

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