TOPIC : ATOMS

CLASS: XII (SCI) PHYSICS

NAME OF THE
TEACHER:
M.G.ADHAU.
PGT-PHYSICS.
J.N.V.NANDED.
 THE POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED
1.Alpha particle Scattering.
• 2.Energy of electron.
• 3.Atomic spectra.
• 4. Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom.
• 5.Energy levels.
• 6.The line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom.
Every atom consist of a positively
charged sphere in which entire
mass and positive charge of the
atom are uniformly distributed
and inside the sphere the
electrons are embedded like a
seeds in watermelon or like plums
in a pudding.
Electrons revolve around the
nucleus in in specific orbit and
these orbits are associated with
Every atom consist of a tiny
central core called as
nucleus, in which the entire
J. J. Thomson plum positive charge and almost
all mass of the atom are
pudding model concentrated and the
electrons revolve around
the nucleus in various orbits
as do the planets around
the sun.

Atomic
definite energy and are called as
energy levels, electrons are
excited in higher energy levels
by absorbing energy and return

Model
to lower energy levels by
radiating energy. Rutherford’s
planetary
BOHR MODEL model of atom
OF THE (also called the
HYDROGEN
ATOM nuclear model
of the atom
LPHA-PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :

The narrow beam of

alpha particle was
allowed to fall on a thin
foil . The scattered
alpha-particles were
observed through a
rotatable detector
consisting of zinc
sulphide screen and a
microscope.
Observations:

1.Many of the alpha particles pass

through the foil. It means that they
do not suffer any collisions.

2. A few alpha particles about 1 in

8000 deflect by more than 90ᴼ

3.Occasionally alpha particle

rebounded from gold foil ,suffering a
deflection nearly at 180ᴼ
conclusion:

1.Most of the alpha particles pass as it is without

deflection , so most of the space in the atom is empty.

2.Alpha-particle must experience a large repulsive force.

This force could be provided if the greater part of the
mass of the atom and its positive charge were
concentrated tightly at its centre. The central part is
known as nucleus.

3.The electrons would be moving in orbits about the

nucleus just as the planets moves around the sun.
 Energy of Orbiting Electrons:
Negatively charged electrons are revolving in a circular orbit about positively
charged nucleus.
The centripetal force for circular motion is provided by the electrostatic
attraction between electrons and nucleus.
Kinetic energy Total energy of electron
For H2 atom
of electron

Potential energy
of electron
The total energy of the electron is
negative. This implies the fact that
the electron is bound to the nucleus.
ATOMIC SPECTRA
Emission line spectrum
When an atomic gas or vapour is excited at low pressure, usually by passing
an electric current through it, the emitted radiation has a spectrum which
contains certain specific wavelengths only.
A spectrum of this kind is known as emission line spectrum and it consists of
bright lines on a dark background.

Emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen.

 Study of emission line spectra of a material can serve as a type of
“fingerprint” for identification of the gas.

Absorption spectrum
When white light passes through a gas and the transmitted light is
Observed by a spectrometer, dark lines are observed in the spectrum.
These dark lines correspond precisely to those wavelengths which were
found in the emission line spectrum of the gas.

This is called the absorption spectrum of the material

of the gas.
 Spectral series
The spacing between lines within
certain sets of the hydrogen
spectrum decreases in a regular
manner
Each of these sets is called a spectral
series.
The first such series was observed by a Swedish school teacher Johann Jakob
Balmer in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum.
Balmer found a simple empirical
formula for the observed wavelengths

n = 3, 4, 5,

R : Rydberg constant Balmer series in the emission spectrum of hydrogen.

Other series of spectra for hydrogen were subsequently discovered.
These are known, after their discoverers.

1.Lyman series: n = 2,3, 4, 5,… UV Region

2.Balmer series n = 3, 4, 5,... Visible Region

3.Paschen series: n = 4,5,6...

IR Region
4.Brackett series: n = 5,6,7...

5.Pfund series: n = 6,7,8...

OHR MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
Bohr Theory of Hydrogen atom is based on three postulates.
(i) An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the
emission of radiant energy. Each atom has certain definite stable states of
energy. These are called the stationary states of the atom.

(ii) The electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which
the angular momentum is some integral multiple of h/2π where h is the
Planck’s constant . Thus the angular momentum (L) of the orbiting electron
is quantized L = nh/2π

(iii) An electron might make a transition from one of its specified non-
radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is
emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial
and final states. The frequency of the emitted photon is then given by
hν = Ei – Ef
Radius, Orbital Speed and Energy of Electron on the basis
of Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom
The angular momentum L is given by From Rutherford’s nuclear
L = mvr model of atom.
Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation
L=nh /2π
For electron moving in a nth orbit.
For electron moving in a nth orbit.

Putting rn from eqn. 1.

……... 1

……... 2
 Radius of nth orbit.

-----2

The size of the innermost orbit (n = 1)

Orbital speed of electron
moving in a nth orbit.
This is called the Bohr radius, represented
by the symbol a0
-----1

a0 = 5.29 x 10 –11 m.
Energy of electron
moving in a nth orbit.

Since 1 eV = 1.6 x 10–19 J

Putting
Energy levels
The energy of an atom is the least (largest negative value)when its electron
is revolving in an orbit closest to the nucleus i.e., the one for which n = 1.

The lowest state of the atom, called the ground state

The energy of this state (n = 1), E1 is – 13.6 eV.
The minimum energy required to free the electron from the ground state of
the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. It is called the ionisation energy of the
hydrogen atom.

When a hydrogen atom receives energy by processes such as electron

collisions, the atom may acquire sufficient energy to raise the electron to
higher energy states. The atom is then said to be in an excited state.

From these excited states the electron can then fall back to a state of lower
energy, emitting a photon in the process.
The energy level diagram
for the hydrogen atom.

The principal quantum number n

labels the stationary states in the
ascending order of energy. In this
diagram, the highest energy state
corresponds to n = ∞ and has an
energy of 0 eV. This is the energy
of the atom when the electron is
completely removed from the
atom.
THE LINE SPECTRA OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
(FROM BOHR’S THEORY OF H2 ATOM)
According to the third postulate of Bohr’s model, when an atom makes a
transition from the higher energy state with quantum number ni to the
lower energy state with quantum number nf (nf < ni)
Energy carried away by a photon of frequency νif

hνif = Eni – Enf

 R = 1.03 × 107 m–1
This value is very close to the value (1.097 × 107 m–1) obtained from the
empirical Balmer formula.

This agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the

Rydberg constant provided a direct and striking confirmation of the Bohr’s
model.
Line spectra of Hydrogen .

Lyman series nf = 1 and ni = 2, 3, etc

Balmer series nf = 2 and ni = 3, 4, 5,etc.

Paschen series nf = 3 and ni = 4, 5, etc

Brackett series nf = 4 and ni = 5,6, etc

Pfund series nf = 5 and ni = 6,7, etc

 EXAMPLES
1. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series
of spectral lines?

R=1.097 × 107 m–1 ANS. 8204.2 Aᴼ

n = 4,5,6...
2.A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What
is the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom make a
transition from the upper level to the lower level?
ANS. 5.6 X 1014 Hz
3.The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the
kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?