Chap 2 Analysis of circuit

2.1 series and parallel resistance

2.2 Y and triangle connected resistors
2.3 transformation of power source
2.4 branch current method
2.5 nodal method
2.6 superposition method
 2.1 series and parallel resistance
2.1.1 series resistance

R =R1+R2

the voltage is proportional to its

resistance

R1 R2
U1  U U2  U
R1  R 2 R1  R 2

application ： 1. Voltage reduction

2. Current limiting
2.1.2 parallel resistance

1 1 1
 
R R1 R 2

Current is inversely proportional to its

resistance
R2 R1
I1  I I2  I
R1  R 2 R1  R 2

application ： bypass 、 current

adjusting
2.1.3 mixed resistance
Need to analyze and simplify the diagram

e.g. 1 ： calculate equivalent resistance Rab

8x8 6x3
Sol: （a）R ab  8 8  6 3  + =6Ω
8+8 6+3
（b）R ab   4  4  10 10   7  3.5Ω
e.g. 2 ： evaluate the current

Sol: U 20V
(a) I    0.04 mA
R 500k 

U 20V
(b) I    2 m A
R 10 KΩ
2.2 Y and triangle connected resistors

RO RO

Y- equivalent
transform

Y connection  connection
 2.2 Y and triangle connected resistors

Y- equivalent
transformation

Y connection  connection
condition ：
corresponding current (Ia 、 Ib 、 Ic) must be
equal ， corresponding voltage (Uab 、 Ubc 、 Uca)
must be equal
 2.2 Y and triangle （ delta ） connected resistors

Y- equivalent
transform

Y connection
from the transformation
conditions, the equivalent
resistance must be equal to
 connection
R a  R b  R a b //( R ca  R b a )
R b  R c  R b c //( R a b  R b a )
R a  R c  R ca //( R a b  R b c )
 Y- equivalent
transform

Y  Y
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra Rab Rca
Rab  Ra 
Rc Rab  Rbc  Rca
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra Rbc Rab
Rbc  Rb 
Ra Rab  Rbc  Rca
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra Rca Rbc
Rca  Rc 
Rb Rab  Rbc  Rca
 2.2 Y and triangle connected resistors

Y- equivalent
transform

Y connection  connection
from Y to 
if Ra= Rb = Rc= RY ， then Rab= Rbc= Rca= R = 3RY ；
from  to Y
if Rab = Rbc= Rca= R ， then Ra = Rb = Rc = RY = R/3
 calculate R12
e.g. 1 ：

R12 R12

1
1

R12 R12
2.684 R12=2.68

2
 2.3 power source equivalent transform
I
2.3.1 voltage source

U = E – IR0 RL

if R0 = 0
voltage source
ideal model : U  E
Ideal
if R0<< RL ， U  E ，
Real
can be considered as ideal
voltage source
ideal voltage source
U
E

O I
(1) R0 = 0

(2) U  E
e.g. 1 if E = 10 V
when RL= 1  ， U = 10 V ， I = 10A
when RL = 10  ， U = 10 V ， I =
1A
2.3.2 current source
U
U0=ISR0
real ideal

O I
IS
Current source
Current source U
I  IS 
R0
if R0 >>RL ， I  IS ， if R0 = 
it can be considered as Ideal current source
ideal current source I  IS
Ideal current source
U

RL
O I
IS
(1) inner resistance R0 =  ；
(2) output current IS ；

e.g. 1 ：
if IS = 10 A

when RL= 1  ， I = 10A ， U = 10 V

when RL = 10  ， I = 10A ， U = 100V
e.g. 2 ：Transistor output diagram
IC
IB

UCE
Output diagram

What can we know from the diagram?

2.3.3 equivalent transform
I
U +
R0
IS R0 U RL

voltage source current source

U
from a ： from b ： IS  +I
R0
U = E － IR0 U = ISR0 – IR0
E = ISR0
condition: E
IS 
R0
 note ：

(1) Equivalent relationship only for the inner circuit

e.g. ： if RL=  ， no current for voltage source

(2) Reference directions must be in same directions

(3) There is no equivalent transform for ideal source

(4) Any e.m.f E and R in series, can be transformed to
IS parallel to R.
e.g. 1: What are the equivalent sources?

Sol : (b)
 e.g. calculate current I in 2 resistor
2:
sol:

from (d)
82
I  A  1A
222
 2.4 branch current method
Branch current as unknown with the help of
Kirchhoff’s laws


 2

branch ： b =3 junction ： n = 2
loop = 3
Procedures :
1. Select the reference direction

2. Using KCL, list ( n － 1 ) current equation

3. Using KVL , list b － ( n － 1 ) voltage equation

4. Solving the equations
e.g. 1 ：
a ： I1+I2–I3=0
1 ： I1 R1 +I3 R3=E1
1 2
2 ： I2 R2+I3 R3=E2
e.g. 2 ：
(1) Current equations
a ： I1 – I2 –IG = 0
b ： I3 – I4 +IG = 0
c ： I2 + I4 – I = 0
(2) Voltage equations
abda ： IG RG – I3 R3 +I1 R1 = 0
acba ： I2 R2 – I4 R4 – IG RG = 0
bcdb ： I4 R4 + I3 R3 = E
what is IG ? (3) Solving for IG

branch number b = 6 ， so we need 6 equations

e.g. 3 ： what are the branch currents?
Current source
1 2

branch b = 4 ，

note ：
(1) if there is no current source in the selected loop,
then there is no need to list KVL

(2) if selected loop contains current source, then

KVL must be listed
e.g. 3 ： what are the branch current

1 2 branch b =4

Current source
(1) Current equation
a ： I1 + I2 –I3 = – 7
(2) Voltage equation
1 ： 12I1 – 6I2 = 42
2 ： 6I2 + 3I3 = 0
(3) Solving the equation ： I1= 2A ， I2= –3A ，
I3=6A
e.g. 3 ： what are branch currents?

1 2 3 branch
+
UX number b = 4
–

(1) Current equation

a ： I1 + I2 –I3 = – 7
(2) Voltage equation
1 ： 12I1 – 6I2 = 42
2 ： 6I2 + UX = 0
3 ：– UX + 3I3 = 0
(3) Sol the equations ： I1= 2A ， I2= –3A ， I3=6A
 2. 5 node voltage method
Step 1: Choose a reference node to which all node voltages can
be referred.

Step 2: Assign currents in each connection to each node, excep

t the referencenode.

Step 3: Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node, obtaining

as many equations as there are unknown node voltages.

Step 4: Solve the resulting equations to find the node voltages.

 2. 5 node voltage method
Step 1: Choose a reference node to which all node voltages can
be referred.

Step 2: Assign currents in each connection to each node, excep

t the referencenode.
 2. 5 node voltage method
Step 3: Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node, obtaining
as many equations as there are unknown node voltages.
 2. 5 node voltage method
Step 4: Solve the resulting equations to find the node voltages.
2 voltage equation for two nodes
let ： Vb = 0 V
node voltage U ， from
a to b
1. KCL for node a
I1 + I2 – I3 –I4 = 0
2. From ohm’s law
E2  U
I2  b e c a u s e U  E 1  I 1R 1
R2
 E3  U U E1  U
I3  I4  I1 
R3 R4 R 1
 E1  U E2  U  E3  U U
   0
R1 R2 R3 R4
E1 E 2 E 3 Voltage equation
 
R1 R 2 R 3 E
U 
1

1

1

1 U R
R R 2 R 3 R4 1
Note ： 1 
R
(1) Only for two nodes
(2) Denominator is positive, numerator can be negative
(3) E is positive when it’s in the same direction as the
node voltage
e.g. 2: E1=50 V 、 E2=30
V 、 IS1=7 A 、 IS2=2
A 、 R1=2  、 R2=3  、 R3=5
 。 What is the node voltage
UabSol
? I1：
and
(1)I2 U
? ab
E1 E 2 50 30
  I S1  I S 2  72
R1 R2
U ab   2 3 V
1 1 1 1
 
R1 R2 2 3
 24V
note ： There is no effect for R3 to the current
(2) Currents I1 and I2
+
+ UI2
UI1 –
–
E 1  U ab 50  24
I1    13 A
R1 2

E 2  U a b 30  24
I2    18 A
R2 3
e.g. Calculate potential A and B. C is the ref. point
3: I3 (2) From ohm’s law
15  V A VA
I1  I2 
5 5
VB  VA VB
I3  I4 
10 10
Sol : (1) using KCL to A and B node 65  V B
I5 
I1 – I2 + I3 = 0 15
I5 – I3 – I4 = 0
(3) After simplification
5VA – VB = 30 get: VA = 10V
– 3VA + 8VB = 130 VB = 20V
 2.6 Superposition theorem
For any linear circuit ， the current in any branch
can be found by considering each source separately
and adding their effects.

= +

Original circuit E1 only E2 only

 = +

Original circuit E1 only E2 only

E1 only
E1 R2  R3
I 1   E1
R 1  R 2 // R 3 R 1 R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
E2 only
R3 E2 R3
I 1    E2
R 1  R 3 R 2  R 1 // R 3 R 1 R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
 = +

Original circuit E1 only E2 only

R2  R3 R3
I1  ( )E1  ( )E 2
R1 R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R1 R1 R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R1

I 2   I 2  I 2
Same way:
I 3  I 3  I 3
 note ：

① Only true for linear circuit

② The theorem can not be used to calculate the pwoer

2
P 1  I 1 R 1  I 1 R 1  I 1 2 R 1
2

③ Power source
E = 0 ， voltage source ； Is= 0 ， current
source
④ Label the directions of current and voltage
 e.g. 1 ：
E =10V 、 IS=1A ， R1=10 , R2= R3= 5
what are the values of I2 and US ?

(b) E only (c) IS only

Sol ： from( b)
E 10
I 2   A  1A
R2  R3 5  5
U S  I 2 R 3  1  5 V  5 V
 e.g. 1 ：
E =10V 、 IS=1A ， R1=10 , R2= R3= 5
what are the values of I2 and US ?

(b) E only (c) IS only

R3 5
Sol ： from(c) I 2  IS   1  0 .5 A
R2  R3 55
U S  I 2 R 2  0 . 5  5 V  2 . 5 V
so I 2
 I 2  I 2  1A  0.5A  0.5A
U S  U S  U S  5 V  2 .5 V  7 . 5 V
 Homogeneity theorem
If there is only one power source in a linear circuit
， the current and voltage are proportional to the soruce

if E1 increased by n times ， the currents

will increased by n times