Unit 5:

MOLECULES
 LESSON 1
D I F F E R E N T I AT I N G AT O M S , M O L E C U L E S , A N D I O N S
 DIFFERENTIATING ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Atom
● the basic building block of all matter
● the smallest piece of unit that maintains a unique
identity and property
● made up of subatomic particles
○ protons
○ electrons
○ neutrons
 DIFFERENTIATING ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Element
● the simplest form of matter
● carbon atom: six protons, six
electrons, and six neutrons
● all atoms in an element will always
have the same number of proton →
atomic number

A carbon atom showing the protons (red),

neutrons (blue), and electrons (black).
 DIFFERENTIATING ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Isotopes
● atoms with the same number of protons (same
element) but with different number of neutrons
 DIFFERENTIATING ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Molecules
● made from the combination of two or more atoms
bonded together by a strong force of interaction
● the smallest part of a substance that retains the
physical and chemical properties of substance
DIFFERENTIATING ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

● some elements exist naturally as molecules

○ diatomic molecules → hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2),
nitrogen (N2)
○ sulfur (S8)
○ phosphorus (P4)
● compounds exist as molecules
○ combination of two or more atoms
Ions
● chemical species with an overall electrical charge
● form when electrons move from one species to
another and the overall number of protons and
electrons changes
○ atoms gain or lose electrons
○ a proton never comes out of an atom
Anion
● negatively charged species
● number of electrons > number of protons

Cation
● positively charged species
● number of electrons < number of protons
 IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

Monoatomic Ions

● Metals typically lose electrons to form cations.

○ Na atom → Na+ ion + e-
○ Ca atom → Ca2+ ion + 2e-
Monoatomic Ions

● Some metal can have more than one charge:

multivalent ions.
○ Cu → Cu+ + e-
○ Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e-
Monoatomic Ions

● Nonmetals typically gain electrons to form anions.

○ Cl atom + e- → Cl- ion
○ O atom + 2e- → O2- ion
Polyatomic Ions
● ions that contain more than one type of atom
● atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds

ammonium cation hydroxide anion

 LESSON 2
WAY S O F R E P R E S E N T I N G M O L E C U L E S
HOW DO WE REPRESENT
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES?
Chemical Formula

- a representation of the composition of

compounds
- it contains the symbols and number of atoms of
elements found in a chemical compound
Kinds of Chemical Formula:

1. Molecular Formula

2. Empirical Formula

O
3. Structural Formula H H
1. Molecular Formula

- shows the atoms present in a compound as well as

the actual number of atoms present in it
- “true formula”
2. Empirical Formula

- simplest formula of a compound

- gives the smallest number ratio of atoms that
make up a compound

Note:
- There are compounds that have the same Molecular and Empirical Formula
-There are situations when two compounds have the same empirical formula but
differ in their molecular formula
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA

• Subscripts: divide each amount of atoms in the formula by the

greatest common factor

• In some cases, the molecular formula is already in the lowest

number ratio and would automatically be the empirical
formula.

• C5H12 is both the molecular and empirical formula of the

compound.
3. Structural Formula

-shows how the atoms are arranged and bonded

chemically

- it is a graphical representation of the compound

showing the elements connected to each other in
symbols and how they are arranged in the
molecule of the compound
O
H H
COMPLETE STRUCTURAL FORMULA:

• all bonds and atoms are shown

the complete structural formula of n-pentane

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA

• atoms connected to a specific carbon are represented like

molecular formula

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
the condensed structural formula of n-pentane
SKELETAL OR LINE ANGLE FORMULA

• Hydrogens attached to each carbon will not be drawn: implicit

hydrogens

the line-angle formula of n-pentane

LET’S PRACTICE

What is the empirical formula of a compound having a molecular

formula of C4H8O2?

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LET’S PRACTICE

What is the empirical formula of a compound having a molecular

formula of C4H8O2?

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LET’S PRACTICE

What is the empirical formula of a compound having a molecular

formula of C4H8O2?

The empirical formula would be C2H4O.

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LET’S PRACTICE

Arginine has a molecular formula of

C6H14N4O2. What is its empirical
formula?

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LET’S PRACTICE

The complete structural formula of 1-butene is shown below. Draw its

condensed structural formula.

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LET’S PRACTICE

The complete structural formula of 1-butene is shown below. Draw its

condensed structural formula.

CH2=CHCH2CH3

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LET’S PRACTICE
Given the complete structural formula
below, what would be its condensed
structural formula?

31

31
LET’S PRACTICE

Given the complete structural formula of the hydrocarbon below,

what would be its line-angle formula?

32
LET’S PRACTICE

Given the complete structural formula of the hydrocarbon below,

what would be its line-angle formula?

33
LET’S PRACTICE
Draw the line-angle formula of the
structure below.

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34
LET’S PRACTICE
Draw the line-angle formula of the
structure below.

35

35
 MOLECULAR FORMULA

Ball-and-Stick Model
● balls - atoms
● stick - bonds between
atoms
● shows the geometry of the
molecule and helps us
predict properties Ball-and-stick model for n-pentane
 MOLECULAR FORMULA

Space-Filling Model
● better estimate of actual
molecule shape
● bonds represented by sticks
in previous model is cut
short to give better
representation
Space-filling model of n-pentane
 LESSON 3
WRITING AND NAMING COMPOUNDS
  Ionic Compounds
- metals combined with nonmetals.

 Molecular Compound
- Nonmetals combined with nonmetals

Examples:

CaSO4 CO2 N2O4 LiCl P2O5

Ionic Molecular Molecular Ionic Molecular
NOMENCLATURE OF COMPOUNDS:

1. Binary Ionic Compounds

A. Binary Ionic compounds with fixed valence
B. Binary Ionic compounds with multivalent
elements
1. STOCK SYSTEM
2. CLASSICAL METHOD
2. Ternary Ionic compounds
3. Binary Molecular compounds
4. Binary Molecular compounds
(containing Hydrogen)
Things to Know in Writing Chemical
Formula:

VALENCE denotes the number of electrons in the

outermost energy level

RADICALS (Polyatomic ions) are group of elements that

act as one or single atom in a chemical reaction and show
definite valence.
CRISS-CROSS METHOD
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula:

1. Identify the charge of each element . Drop down the charge of

each element (cross multiply) to become the subscript. (ex. H2O)

2. If the valence is 1, subscript is not written. (ex. H2O)

3. When the oxidation numbers are numerically equal but greater

than 1, subscript is also not written. (ex. MgO)

4. All radical that take up more than 1 subscript should be enclosed

in a parenthesis Zn(NO3)2

5. All subscripts may be reduced to lowest terms (except for

molecular compounds or covalent compounds)
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
 WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS

● The most important consideration in

writing the chemical formulas of ionic
compounds is their electrical neutrality.

● When a cation and an anion combine,

they must form an ionic compound
with a net charge of zero.
WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Group Charge Group Charge

1A +1 5A -3

2A +2 6A -2

3A +3 7A -1

4A Ge rarely form
*C, Si, and * cations,8A
while Sn and**Pb can
form multiple ions.
**Noble gases do not form ions.

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WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Metal Charge States Metal Charge States

Cd +2 Au +1, +3

Cr +2, +3 Fe +2, +3

Co +2, +3 Mn +2

Cu +1, +2 Hg +1, +2

Ni +2, +3 Pt +2, +4

Ag +1 Zn +2
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 WRITING FORMULAS OF COVALENT
COMPOUNDS

● . Covalent compounds are compounds that

are made of nonmetals chemically bonded to
each other.

● Covalent bonds hold the atoms together in a

covalent compound. They are formed when one
or more electrons are shared between two
nonmetals.
I. Binary Ionic Compounds
- compounds formed by metals and nonmetals or two
different elements

a. Binary ionic compounds containing metals with

fixed valence
(e.g. IA, IIA, and Al, Zn, Ag)

Name of metal + stem name of nonmetal + ide

Example :
NaF = ?
KI = ?
I. Binary Ionic Compounds
- compounds formed by metals and nonmetals or two
different elements

b. Binary ionic compounds containing multivalent

elements
(e.g. Iron, Copper, Lead, Tin, Mercury)

1. STOCK SYSTEM
Name of the metal (valence in Roman numeral) + stem name of nonmetal + ide

Example :
FeCl3 = ?
SnF4 = ?
SnF2 = ?
 2. CLASSICAL SYSTEM

- name of metal is modified w/ending -ic

for higher valence and –ous for lower valence

Stem name of the metal + ic/ous + stem name of nonmetal + ide

Example :
SnF4 = ?
SnCl2 = ?
FeCl3 = ?
FeCl2= ?
 2. CLASSICAL SYSTEM

- name of metal is modified w/ending -ic

for higher valence and –ous for lower valence

Stem name of the metal + ic/ous + stem name of nonmetal + ide

Example :
SnF4 = ?
SnCl2 = ?
FeCl3 = ?
FeCl2= ?
 Try this!
1. MgCl2 = Magnesium Chloride

2. HgCl2 = Mercury (II) Chloride

3. CaO = Calcium Oxide

4. Cu3P2 = Copper (II) Phosphide/ Cupric Phosphide

5. FeBr2 = Iron (II) Bromide/ Ferrous Bromide

II. Ternary Ionic Compounds

- follows the same procedure with naming binary

ionic compounds excepts that the ending of the name is
different
(-ite for less oxygen and –ate for more oxygen)

Example :
Al(NO3)3 = ?
Na(NO2) =?
III. Binary Molecular Compounds
- greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of
atoms
Greek prefix + name of the first nonmetal + greek prefix +
stem name of the 2nd nonmetal + ide

Example :
P2O5 = ?
PCl3 = ?
Greek Prefix Numerical Equivalent

mono- 1

di- 2

tri- 3

tetra- 4

penta- 5

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WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS

Greek Prefix Numerical Equivalent

hexa- 6

hepta- 7

octa- 8

nona- 9

deca- 10

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IV. Binary Molecular Compounds (containing
hydrogen as first element)

Hydrogen + stem name of nonmetal + ide

Example :
HF = ?
HCl = ?
Try this!

1. SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

2. CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride

3. NO Nitrogen monoxide

4. PCl3 Phosphorus Trichloride

5. N2O5 Dinitrogen Pentaoxide

Try this!

1. PbSO4 Lead (II) Sulfate/ Plumbous Sulfate

2. Sn(C2H3O2)4 Stannic Acetate/ Tin (IV) Acetate

3. Al2(SO4)3 Aluminum Sulfate

4. BaCrO4 Barium Chromate

5. K3PO4 Potassium Phospate

 WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS

Formulas of Ionic Compounds with Monatomic Ions

● Ionic compounds that are composed of monatomic
ions are called binary compounds.

● To write the chemical formula of binary compounds,

we must consider their electrical neutrality.
 WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS

Formulas of Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

● Polyatomic ions are charged chemical species
composed of two or more atoms that are covalently
bonded to each other.

● For example, nitrate (NO3-) is a polyatomic anion.

 NAMING OF COMMON CATIONS

• For monatomic cations with several charge states, different

rules are applied to distinguish the different charge states.
 NAMING OF COMMON CATIONS

• Usually, the stem name is taken from the element’s Latin

name.
 NAMING OF COMMON ANIONS

• Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix -ide to the

stem name of the element.
• Oxoanions are named by appending the suffix -ate to the
element’s stem name.
• If the nonmetal can form two oxyanions, then the one with a
lower number of oxygen atoms is appended with the suffix -
ite.
• If more than two oxoanions are possible, then the following
rules are applied:
• In naming polyatomic compounds, the same rules are applied:
the cation is named first, followed by the anion.