SOAPS

AND
DETERGENTS
ALBERTO B. MATIBAG III
BSCHE
CP INDUSTRIES
 Soaps

DEFINITION
A substance which dissolves in water, thus
forming a lather, and is used as a cleansing
agent. Soap is produced by combining fats or
oils with alkalies or alkaline earths, usually by
boiling, and consists of salts of sodium,
potassium, etc, with the fatty acids (oleic,
stearic, palmitic, etc).
 Basic's Process for
Making Soap
• Mix water and lye, set aside to cool
• Melt oils, set aside to cool
• Blend lye water and oils to form a soap “batter”
• Pour into mold and let harden for a day
• Turn out of the mold, cut into bars and let cure for 2-3
weeks
 RAW MATERIALS AND
ADDITIVES
The major raw materials for soap manufacture are fat and alkali. Other
substances, such as optical brighteners, water softeners, and abrasives,
are often added to obtain specific characteristics.
 Alkali
Sodium hydroxide is employed as the saponification alkali for most soap now
produced. Soap may also be manufactured with potassium hydroxide (caustic
potash) as the alkali. Potassium soaps are more soluble in water than sodium soaps;
in concentrated form, they are called soft soap. Although soft soaps are declining in
importance, potassium soap is still produced in various liquid concentrations for
use in combination with sodium soaps in shaving products and in the textile
industry.
Certain alkaline materials (builders) are almost universally present in laundry
soaps, functioning to increase detergency. The most important are sodium silicate
(water glass), sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium perborate, and various
phosphates
 Fats and Oils
Fatty raw materials for soap manufacture
include animal and vegetable oils and fats
or fatty acids, as well as by-products of
the cellulose and paper industry, such as
rosin and tall oil.
 What is the structure and formula of soap?
The soap molecule has two different ends, one that is hydrophilic (polar head)
that binds with water and the other that is hydrophobic (non-polar hydrocarbon
tail) that binds with grease and oil. When greasy dirt or oil is mixed with soapy
water, the soap molecules arrange themselves into tiny clusters called micelles.
Soaps are denoted by the general formula RCOO-Na+, where R is any long
chain alkyl group consisting 12 to 18 carbon atoms.

Some common examples of fatty acids that are used in soaps are stearic acid
having chemical formula C17H35COOH, palmitic acid having chemical formula
C15H31COOH.
 Pros and Cons
Regular Soap and Water
PROS:
• Designed to lift dirt and oils off and can be easily
rinsed away
• Effective in getting rid of bacteria and other virus-
causing germs
• Generally less expensive than antibacterial soap and
hand sanitizers
• Won’t kill the healthy bacteria on your skin’s surface
(yes, there’s such a thing as healthy bacteria, and yes,
your body needs it)
CONS;
• Not as portable or convenient as antibacterial hand
sanitizers
• Ineffective if you don’t wash thoroughly enough (20
seconds feels like forever)
Antibacterial Soap
PROS:
• Hand sanitizer is an effective alternative when you
don’t have access to soap and water
• Hand sanitizer is available in portable travel sizes so it
can go everywhere you go
CONS:
• The added chemicals can remove your natural oils,
which can dry out your skin
• Tends to kills both good and bad bacteria, which may
make antibiotics ineffective against new strains of
bacteria
• Costs more than regular soap
• Too much can lead to dry skin that cracks, increasing
your risk of infection
 Detergents
DEFINITIO
N
Detergents are special, powerful cleansers that
can break up dirt, oils, and grease in clothing or
on dishes. You might buy laundry detergent for
washing your dirty clothes and dish detergent for
the sink full of plates and bowls after your dinner
party. The Latin root of detergent is detergere, "to
wipe away or cleanse."
 Process for Making Detergent

1. Mix sodium lauryl ether sufate and water

2. Put the mixture in a beaker and add small amount of water. mix it well.
3. Add 50 grams of coconut diethanol. Mix it well using the stirrer.
4. continue mixing until it become sticky. Add small amount of water while
mixing to avoid creating bubbles. Set aside the CDA-SLES mixture when it
turned cream.
5. In a separate mixing bowl, mix a teaspoon of STPP. Set it aside.
6. Get your cream and mixed it again slowly. when the mixture bubbles, add
slowly the STPP mixture while mixing using the electric mixer.
7. In a separate mixing bowl, dissolve 2 tablespoonful of salt before adding it to
the STPP and CDA-SLES mixture.
8.Let 2 drops of lemon fragrance to the mixture.
9. Continue mixing using the electric mixer until it become creamy.
10.Put it in a container and set aside.
11. From time to time, scoop bubbles forming at the top of the mixture.
12. When there is no bubbles anymore, put the liquid detergent in a clean bottle.
You can use the liquid detergent after 24 hours
 Raw Materials
Moreover, what are the different raw materials that are used in detergent powders?
They are soda ash, carboxymethyl chloride, sodium perborate, lather forming chemical, colors, and
perfume.
SODA ASH OR SODIUM CARBORATE
This depresses acid bleary and makes the process alkaline. It’s like a salt that breakdowns dirt.
CARBOXY METHYL CHLORIDE OR CELLULOS
This hinders the dirt to resettle on the surface of the clothes and is useful for clothes that are made of
cotton.
SODIUM PERBORATE
This functions as a high bleach and also helps in retaining the color of the clothes – it also breakdowns
dirt particles.
PERFUME
Perfumes and other mixtures that give aroma in the detergent is used for the purpose of subsiding the
intense smell of the other ingredients that are included in the detergent powder
 COLOR
Colored detergents are more preferred by the consumers, compared to the white one.
Copper phthalocyamine blocks light and temperature, giving it color.
Lather-producing Chemical
This chemical produces more lather and enhances the cleaning capability of the
detergent.
The production process of detergent powder is actually quite easy and can be easily
done by an individual even without special training.
 Formula for Making Detergent

Lauryl alcohol reacts with sulphuric acid to form lauryl

hydrogen sulphate which reacts with sodium hydroxide to
form sodium lauryl sulphate(detergent).
CH3–(CH2)10-CH2OH + H2SO4= CH3–(CH2)10-
CH2OSO3H + H2O
CH3–(CH2)10-CH2OSO3H + NaOH = CH3–(CH2)10-
CH2OSO3Na + H2O
 Pros and Cons
PROS:
1) Unlike soaps, it can work in hard water.
2) It also has a stronger cleansing action than soap.
3) In alkaline and acidic water, it may be used.
4) It is more soluble in water than soap
5) It has a linear hydrocarbon chain which is biodegradable.

CONS:
1) They are not biodegradable.
2) Tendency to reduce stable forms in rivers.
3) Cause soil and water pollution.
4) For rinsing, you need water to remove foam.
5) Color may run out.
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https://www.quora.com/#&gid=1&pid=1

https://www.homemadesimple.com/in-the-home/antibacterial-soap/

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/detergent

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http://sodis-plc.com/blog/en/raw-materials-used-detergents/

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-chemical-formula-of-detergent

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