PLACENTA

NORMAL PLACENTA
ABNORMALITIES OF PLACENTA

•Succenturiate placenta / succenturiate placenta

•Extra chorial placenta
•Lobulated placenta
 SUCCENTURIATE PLACENTA / SUCCENTURIATE
PLACENTA
• One (usual) or more small lobes of placenta, size of
cotyledon, may be placed at varying distances from
the placental margin.
• In cases of absence of communicating blood vessels,
it is called placenta spuria.
• Incidence: 3%
 CONT..,
• If the succenturiate lobe is
retained, following birth of the
placenta, it may lead to:
1. Postpartum haemorrhage
2. Subinvolution
3. Uterine sepsis
4. Polyp formation
 CONT..,

• Whenever the diagnosis of missing lobe is

made, exploration of the uterus and removal
of the lobe under general anesthesia is to be
done.
EXTRA CHORIAL PLACENTA
• A placental anomaly observed on the fetal surface as a thick white
ring, which gives the impression that central portion is somewhat
depressed.
• There are two varieties :
• Circumvallate placenta
• Placenta marginata/ circummarginate placenta
 CIRCUMVALLATE PLACENTA

• The ring is situated at

a variable distance
between the margin
and the centre of the
placenta.
 CONT..,

• A double fold of both

chorion and amnion with
fibrin and degenerated
decidua forms the ring
giving it a raised
appearance
 PLACENTA MARGINATA/ CIRCUMMARGINATE
PLACENTA
• The ring is located at the edge or margin of the
placenta and is raises by the presence of
degenerated decidua and fibrin
 LOBULATED PLACENTA
• It appears to be multiple placenta for a single baby
• It Is one placenta divided in to 2 parts either completely separated or
joined in part.
• The lobes are held together by one set of
membranes and blood vessels.
• The number of lobes determine the
name as bipartite (placenta duplex) and
five tripartite placenta (placenta triplex)
 PLACENTA MEMBRANACEA

• The placenta is unduly large and

thin.
• Placenta does not develop from
chorion frondosum but also from
chorion
 LARGER AND HEAVIER PLACENTA

• It is as seen in larger sized fetus, fetal syphilis

and erythroblastosis
 SMALLER AND LIGHTER PLACENTA

• It may occur with general systemic

disease or local uterine conditions
that cause undernourishment of
placenta and lead to intrauterine
growth retardation (IUGR)
 LIGHT – COLORED PLACENTA

• May be due to fetal anemia in case of erythroblastosis

TUMOR FORMATION

• Associated with prematurity and polyhydramnios

 INFARCTED OF COTYLEDONS
• Due to diseases such as maternal hypertension, eclampsia
that reduces placental circulation that may leads to IUGR
and eventually leads to fetal death.
 EDEMATOUS PLACENTA

• It is characterized by mushy, thick

and pale and fluid can be squeezed
from this type of placenta, it is due
to maternal diabetes, heart disease,
nephritis, or sever erythroblastosis
that cause fetal death