20CS2222

COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY

© 2020-21 KL University – The contents of this presentation are an intellectual and copyrighted property of KL
University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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 Session-37

A Model for Network Security

© 2020-21 KL University – The contents of this presentation are an intellectual and copyrighted property of KL
University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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A Model for Network Security

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A Model for Network Security
• Using this model requires us to:
1. Design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. Generate the secret information (keys) used by the
algorithm
3. Develop methods to distribute and share the secret
information (key)
4. Specify a protocol enabling the sender and receiver to
use the transformation and key for a security service

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A Model for Network Security

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A Model for Network Security
• Using this model requires us to:
1. Select appropriate gatekeeper functions to identify
users
2. Implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated information
• Note that model does not include:
1. monitoring of system for successful penetration
2. monitoring of authorized users for misuse
3. audit logging for forensic uses, etc.

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Classic Encryption Techniques
• Plain Text: Original Message
• Encryption/Encipherment: Process of Converting from
Plain text to Cipher text
• Decryption/Decipherment: Restoring the plaintext from
the cipher text.
• Cryptography: Many schemes used for encryption.
• Cryptanalysis: Techniques for deciphering a message
without any knowledge of the enciphering details.
• Cryptology: areas of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
together are called Cryptology

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Classic Encryption Techniques
• Encryption Algorithm: Performs various substitution and
transpositions on the plain text.
• Secret Key: Value independent of plain text and the
algorithm.
• Cipher Text: Scrambled Message produced as Output.
• Decryption Algorithm: Encryption Algorithm in reverse.

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Classic Encryption Techniques
• Two Requirements of Conventional Algorithm

- Strong Encryption Algorithm:

Opponent who knows the algorithm and have
access to one or more Cipher texts would be unable
to decipher the cipher text and discovery the key.
- Sender and receiver must have obtained copies of
the secret key in a secure fashion and must keep
the key secure.

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Cryptography
• Cryptography is associated with the process of converting
ordinary plain text into unintelligible text and vice-versa.
• It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a
particular form so that only those for whom it is intended
can read and process it.
1. Symmetric key Cryptography
  - also known as Symmetric Encryption is when a
secret key is leveraged for both encryption and decryption
functions.
- This method is the opposite of
Asymmetric Encryption where one key is used to encrypt and
another is used to decrypt.
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Cryptography
2. Public key cryptography
- uses a pair of keys to encrypt and decrypt data to
protect it against unauthorized access or use.
-  Network users receive a public and private key pair
from certification authorities. ... This key is used to
encrypt the message, and to send it to the recipient

NOTE: Symmetric cryptography was only type prior to

invention of public-key in 1970’s and by far most widely
used (still) is significantly faster than public-key crypto

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Symmetric Cipher Model

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Model of Conventional Cryptosystem

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Symmetric Cipher Model
• Two requirements for secure use of symmetric encryption:
- a strong encryption algorithm
- a secret key known only to sender / receiver
• Mathematically
Y = E(K, X) = EK(X)
X = D(K, Y) = DK(Y)
• Assume encryption algorithm is publicly known, so the
security rely upon the secrecy of key alone.
• A secure channel is required to distribute the key, this is
a big problem in symmetric cryptography

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Symmetric Cipher Model
Cryptographic algorithms are characterized by:
• Type of encryption operations used
substitution, transposition, product
Substitution: Elements of plain text is mapped with
another element
Transposition: Elements of plaintext are rearranged
Product: Combination of Substitution and Transposition
• Number of keys used
single-key, two-key

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Symmetric Cipher Model
• way in which plaintext is processed
Block: Input is Processed one block at a time and outputs
a block
Stream: Process the input element one at a time and
outputs one element at a time.

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