1D Tissues

TISSUES
Laboratory Activity #4
Tissues
· Tissues
· Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
· Four primary types
· Epithelium
· Connective tissue
· Nervous tissue
· Muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.41
Epithelial Tissues
· Found in different areas
· Body coverings
· Body linings
· Glandular tissue
· Functions
· Protect underlying structures
· Acting as a barrier
· Permitting the passage of substances
· Secreting substances
· Absorbing substances
Epithelium Characteristics
1. Mostly composed of cells
2. Covers body surfaces
• exterior surfaces
• The lining of digestive, urinary,
reproductive and respiratory tracts,
heart and blood vessels, and lining of
many body cavities
3. Distinct cell surface
Free or apical surface – where cells are
exposed and not attached to other
cells
Lateral surface – where cells are
attached to other epithelial cells
Basal surface – attached to the
basement membrane
Basement membrane – a specialized
type of extracellular material secreted
by epithelial and connective tissue cells
4. Cell and matrix connections

5. Nonvascular
6. Capable of regeneration
• Replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells
Classification of Epithelium
· Number of cell layers

· Simple – one layer
· Stratified – more than
one layer
· Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
Figure 3.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44a
Classification of Epithelium
· Shape of cells
· Squamous – flattened
· Cuboidal – cube-shaped
· Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44b
Simple Epithelium
· Simple squamous epithelium
· Single layer of flat cells
· Diffusion, filtration, some secretion
and protection
· Linings of blood vessels and heart,
lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the
lungs, portions of kidney tubules,
lining of serous membranes of body
cavities
Figure 3.17a
Simple Epithelium
· Simple cuboidal epithelium

· Single layer of cube-like cells
· Common in glands and their
ducts
· Forms walls
of kidney tubules
· Covers the ovaries
Figure 3.17b
Simple Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Single layer of tall, narrow cells
• Some have cilia or microvilli
• Can be found in glands and
some ducts, bronchioles of the
lungs, auditory tubes, uterus,
uterine tubes, stomach,
intestines, gallbladder, bile
ducts, ventricles of the brain
Pseudostratified Columnar
 Single layer, but some cells
are shorter than others
 Often looks like a double
cell layer
 Lining of the nasal cavity,
nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea
and bronchi of the lungs
Figure 3.17d
Stratified Epithelium
· Stratified squamous
· Cells at the free edge are
flattened
· Found as a protective
covering where friction is
common, A barrier against
infection, reduces loss of
water from the body
· Locations
· Skin, Mouth, Esophagus
· Stratified cuboidal
· Two layers of cuboidal cells
· Stratified columnar
· Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
· Transitional epithelium
· Shape of cells depends
upon the amount of
stretching
· Lines organs of the urinary
system
Glandular Epithelium
· Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
· Two major gland types
· Endocrine gland
· Ductless
· Secretions are hormones
· Exocrine gland
· With ducts
· Lined with the epithelium
Exocrine glands
• Composed of either single cells or many cells (multicellular glands)
• Multicellular exocrine glands :
• Simple glands - single, nonbranched duct
• Compound glands – multiple branched duct
According to secretory regions:

• Tubular – shaped as tubules ; can be straight or coiled
• Acinar or Alveolar – shaped in saclike structures
According to secretion types or how products leave the cell:

• Merocrine Secretion – involves release of secretory products through exocytosis
• Apocrine Secretion - release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the
gland cells
• Holocrine Secretion - involves the shedding of entire cells
Nervous Tissue
· consists of neurons
and support cells
· Function is to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
· Neurons (nerve cells)
· Cell body
· Dendrites
· Axon
Connective Tissue
· Diverse primary tissue type that makes up

part of every organ in the body
· Differs from the other 3 tissue types:
it consists of cells separated from each
other by abundant extracellular matrix
Connective Tissue
· Functions
· Enclosing and separating other tissues
· Connecting tissues to one another
- E.g. Tendons, Ligaments
· Supporting and moving parts of the body
- E.g. Bones, Cartilage
· Storing compounds
- E.g. Adipose tissues, bones
Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue
· Functions
· Cushioning and insulating
- E.g. Adipose tissues
· Transporting
- E.g. Blood
· Protecting
- Blood and Lymph
Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue Characteristics
· Variations in blood supply

· Some tissue types are well vascularized
· Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
· Extracellular matrix
· Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Extracellular Matrix
· 3 major components :
protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
· Protein Fibers
· Help form most connective tissues
· Three types
· Collagen fibers
· Elastic fibers
· Reticular fibers
Ground substance of matrix
-consists of nonfibrous molecules
Proteoglycans – are large molecules that

consist of a protein core attached to many
long polysaccharides
Cells of Connective Tissues
• -blasts : create the matrix
(osteoblasts, fibroblasts, chrondoblasts)
• -cyte : maintains the matrix
(osteocytes, fibrocytes, chrondocytes)
• -clast : breaks it down for remodeling
(osteoclasts)
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
Classification of Connective Tissues
Connective Tissue Proper
Supporting
Connective Connective Tissue
tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Loose Fluid Connective Tissue
Fluid connective tissue
• Areolar Cartilage • Blood
• Adipose • Hyaline • Hemopoietic Tissue
• Reticular • Fibrocartilage
• Elastic
Dense: Bone
• • Spongy
Dense, regular collagenous
• • Compact
Dense, regular elastic
• Dense, irregular collagenous
• Dense, irregular elastic
Loose Connective Tissue
• consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy
· Areolar connective tissue
network, with numerous spaces filled with ground
·substance
Primarilyand
consists
fluid of
collagen fibers and few
elastic fibers
· Loose packing material of
most organs and other
tissues
• Substance on which the
basement membranes of
epithelia often rest
· Adipose tissue
· Many cells contain
large lipid deposits (adipocytes)
· Matrix is composed of large
cells with little amount of
extracellular fluid
· Functions
· Insulates the body
· Protects some organs
· Serves as a site of
energy storage Figure 3.18f
· Reticular tissue
· Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
· Forms stroma (internal
supporting network) of
lymphoid organs
· Lymph nodes
· Spleen
· Bone marrow
Figure 3.18g
Dense Connective Tissue
· Dense connective tissue
2 major types:
· Collagenous
· Elastic
· Examples of dense collagenous
· Tendon – attach muscle to bone
Dense regular
· Ligaments – attach bone to bone collagenous
· Dermis – connective tissue of the skin Dense irregular
collagenous
· Examples of dense elastic
· Vocal cords
Dense regular elastic
· Elastic ligaments
· Walls of arteries Dense irregular elastic
Figure 3.18d
Supporting Connective Tissue
· Cartilage – composed of chrondocytes in lacunae
· Hyaline cartilage
· Most common cartilage
· Composed of:
· Abundant collagen
fibers
· Rubbery matrix
· Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilage
· Fibrocartilage
· more collagen
· found in intervertebral
disks and some joints
· Elastic cartilage
· Provides elasticity
· Found in the external ear,
epiglottis and auditory tube
Slide 3.58a
· Bone (osseous tissue)
· Composed of:
· Bone cells in lacunae
· Hard matrix of calcium salts
· Used to protect and support
the body
· 2 types: spongy bone
compact bone
Figure 3.18a
Fluid Connective Tissue
· Blood
· Fluid matrix
· Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials
· Formed elements
(RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
Figure 3.18h
Muscle Tissue
· Function is to contract or shorten to
produce movement
· Three types
· Skeletal muscle
· Cardiac muscle
· Smooth muscle
Muscle Tissue Types
· Skeletal muscle
· Can be controlled
voluntarily
· Cells attach to
connective tissue
· Cells are striated
· Cells are long and
cylindrical have more
than one nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Muscle Tissue Types
· Cardiac muscle
· Found only in the heart
· Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
· Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
· Cells are cylindrical and
striated
· One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
Muscle Tissue Types
· Smooth muscle
· Surrounds hollow
organs
· Involuntary muscle
· Tapered at each end
· No visible striations
· One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19a
Tissue Repair
· Regeneration
· Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
· Fibrosis
· the destroyed cells are replaced by different cell types,
which causes scar formation
Events in Tissue Repair
· Capillaries become very permeable
· Introduce clotting proteins
· Wall off injured area
· Formation of granulation tissue
· Regeneration of surface epithelium
Regeneration of Tissues
· Tissues that regenerate easily
· Epithelial tissue
· Fibrous connective tissue and bone
· Tissues that regenerate poorly
· Skeletal muscle
· Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
tissue
· Cardiac muscle
· Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
Developmental Aspects of Tissue
· Epithelial tissue arises from all three

primary germ layers
· Muscle and connective tissue arise from
the mesoderm
· Nervous tissue arises from the
ectoderm
· With old age there is a decrease in
mass and viabililty in most tissues

1D Tissues

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1D Tissues

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TISSUES

4. Cell and matrix connections

· Number of cell layers

· Simple cuboidal epithelium

According to secretory regions:

According to secretion types or how products leave the cell:

· Diverse primary tissue type that makes up

· Variations in blood supply

Proteoglycans – are large molecules that

· Epithelial tissue arises from all three

You might also like