INTERNET OF THINGS - IOT (ELECTIVE-I)

LECTURE - 3

Presented by: Prof. V. B. Shere

Subject code: 404184

Academic year: 2021-22
Semester: I
Class: BE - E&TC
 IOT Architecture:
There 4 stages of an IOT architecture
1. Sensors and actuators (Sensing Layer)
2. Internet getaways and Data Acquisition Systems (Network Layer)
3. Edge IT (Pre-processing, Analytics at the Edge) (Data processing Layer)
4. Data center and cloud, i.e. IOT platform. (In-depth Analysis in the
Cloud or Data Center) (Application layer)
IOT Architecture:
 IOT Architecture:
1. Sensors and actuators:
1.1: Sensors:
•The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital
worlds allowing real-time information to be collected and processed.
•The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as
temperature, air quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and
electricity etc.
•A sensor can measure the physical property and convert it into signal
that can be understood by an instrument.
• Sensors collect data from the environment or object under
measurement and turn it into useful data.
•Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such as
environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and
vehicle telematics sensors, etc.
 IOT Architecture:
1. Sensors and actuators:
1.2: Actuators :
•In some cases, a sensor might detect a condition or event that requires
an almost immediate response so that an actuator can be used to
perform remediation actions in real time.
for example, adjusting the flow rate of a fluid, or the movements of an
industrial robot.
•An actuator is a device which converts a control signal into mechanical
motion. ... Industrial plants use actuators to operate valves, dampers,
fluid couplings, and other devices used in industrial process control. The
industrial actuator can use air, hydraulic fluid, or electricity for motive
power.
•An actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor. It takes an
electrical input and turns it into physical action.
 IOT Architecture:
2. Internet getaways and Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) :
• Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present
in this layer.
• A data acquisition system (DAS) collects raw data from the sensors
and converts it from analog into digital format.
• The DAS then aggregates and formats the data before sending it
through an Internet gateway via wireless WANs (such as Wi-Fi or
Cellular) or wired WANs for the next stage of processing. 
• Advanced gateways which mainly opens up connection between
Sensor networks and Internet.
• Also performs many basic gateway functionalities like malware
protection, and filtering also some times decision making based on
inputted data and data management services, etc.
 IOT Architecture:
3. Edge IT (Pre-processing, Analytics at the Edge)
(Data processing Layer) :
• This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem.
• Once the IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it will need
processing to further reduce the data volume before it goes to the data
center or cloud.
• The edge device may perform some analytics as part of the pre-
processing. Machine learning can be very helpful at this stage to provide
feedback into the system and improve the process on an ongoing basis,
without waiting for instructions to come back from the corporate data
center or cloud.
• In this way data is analyzed and pre-processed before sending it to
data center
 IOT Architecture:
4. Data center and cloud, i.e. IOT platform. (In-depth Analysis in the
Cloud or Data Center) (Application layer):
• This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture.
• Data centers or cloud is management stage of data where data is
managed and is used by end-user applications like agriculture, health
care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.
• In this stage, powerful IT systems can be brought to bear to analyze,
manage, and securely store the data. This usually takes place in the
corporate data center or in the cloud.
• At this level, industry-specific and/or company-specific applications can
be used to perform in-depth analysis and apply business rules to
determine whether action needs to be taken.
• Stage 4 also includes storage in a data warehouse, both for record
keeping and for further analysis.
 Physical design of IOT :
• Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols.

IoT Devices:
• Things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can
perform sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect data
from other devices.

• It processes the data either locally or send the data to centralized servers or
cloud – based application back-ends for processing the data.

• Communication established between things and cloud based server over the
Internet by various IoT protocols.
 Physical design of IOT :
Generic Block Diagram of IOT devices:
 Physical design of IOT :
IoT Protocols:
• IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and
ensure optimum security to the data being exchanged between connected
devices.

• IoT protocols help to establish Communication between IoT Device (Node

Device) and Cloud based Server over the Internet.

• It help to sent commands to IoT Device and received data from an IoT device
over the Internet. An image is given below. By this image you can understand
which protocols used.
 Physical design of IOT :
IoT Protocols:
 Physical design of IOT :
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer
802.3 – Ethernet
802.11 – WiFi
802.16 – WiMax
802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
2G/3G/4G – Mobile Communication
Network/Internet Layer
IPv4 - Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6
6LoWPAN - Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks.
Transport Layer
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
 Physical design of IOT :
IoT Protocols:
Application Layer
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
CoAP - Constrained Application Protocol
WebSocket -
MQTT
XMPP - Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
DDS - Data Distribution Service
AMQP -