INTERNATIONAL

DECISION-MAKING
WHAT IS DECISION MAKING?
Decision making is the adoption and application
of rational choice for the management of
private, business or governmental organization
in an efficient manner.
 NATURE OF DECISION MAKING
① Decision making is a matter of compromise.
② There must be rationality in decision making process.
③ Decision making is a product of several brains.
④ Decision making does not relate to one problem or question but
to a number of issues.
⑤ Irrationality is inevitable in decision making.

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 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DECISION
MAKING
Internal Setting of the
Society
The conditions and
characteristics of social
organizations such as
political parties, pressure
groups, NGOs, public
opinion, nature of the
political system etc.
There is external set-up or
setting
Taking into account the
conformity of a
policy/decision with the
policies and objectives of
other nations
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Characteristics of the
decision makers
The leaders’ values,
personalities, beliefs,
mindset, and experiences
are important as well
because they predispose
them to take certain kinds
of positions on global
issues.
 THREE MODELS
OF
DECISION MAKING

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 DECISION MAKING AS
RATIONAL CHOICE
A method for systematically selecting among possible
choices that is biased on reason and facts.
 STEPS

• Problem Recognition and Definition

• Goal selection
• Identification of Alternatives
• Choice

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 PROBLEMS

• Limits of human capabilities

• Limits on information and knowledge
• Limits in time

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ADVANTAGES

THE RATIONAL CHOICE WILL

SATISFY CONDITIONS OF LOGICAL
CONSISTENCY AND DEDUCTIVE
COMPLETENESS.

DECISION MAKING WILL BE

OBJECTIVE, UNBIASED AND BASED
ON FACTS

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 THE BUREAUCRATIC
POLITICS OF FOREIGN
POLICY DECISION
MAKING
 BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION MODEL

Foreign Policy is an agreement between

various government agencies.

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• Organizations get to have different priorities and
responsibilities to secure efficiency and
rationality.
• They divide authority among different
organizations.
• Bureaucrats are able to engage in forward
planning to determine long-term needs and the
means to attain them.
THE LEVERAGE AND
IMPACT OF LEADERS

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 THE LEVERAGE AND IMPACT OF LEADERS

The course of history is determined by the decisions of the political

elites.
Leaders and Style of Leadership

“there is properly no HISTORY, only BIOGRAPHY”

- Ralph Waldo Emerson

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 THE LEVERAGE AND IMPACT OF LEADERS

LEADERS AS MOVERS OF WORLD HISTORY

- History-Making Individual Model of policy decision making
perceives world leaders as the people who create global
changes.

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 THE LEVERAGE AND IMPACT OF LEADERS

INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY
- means doing whatever it takes to achieve a goal so long as
it aligns with your ultimate objective.

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 THE LEVERAGE AND IMPACT OF LEADERS

CONSTRAINTS ON INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIP

- leaders are not all powerful determinants of states’
foreign policy behaviour.
“The discovery of the limits and restraints- decreed by law,
by history and by circumstances- that sometimes can blur their
clearest design or dull their sharpest purposes.”
-Emment John Hughes

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THE DOMESTIC DETERMINANTS
OF FOREIGN POLIC DECISION

Domestic or “internal” influence are those that exist at

the level of state, not the global system. To illustrate the
impact of internal factors, consider how variations in
States’ Attributes, that may influence different countries’
foreign policy choices.

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THE DOMESTIC DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISION

MILITARY CAPABILITES
-states’ internal capabilities shape their foreign policy priorities
is supported by the fact that states’ preparation for war strongly
influence their later use of force.

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THE DOMESTIC DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISION

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
-The level of economic and industrial development a state
enjoys also affects the foreign policy goals it can pursue.

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THE DOMESTIC DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISION

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT
-Affecting states’ international behaviour is their type of political
system.

CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY ( representative government)

AUTOCRATIC RULE ( authoritarian or totalitarian)

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 GLOBAL INFLUENCES ON FOREIGN POLICY

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER . Polarity in international relations is any of

the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system
GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS These include area studies, climate, topography,
demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated.
Geopolitics focuses on political power linked to geographic space. In particular, territorial
waters and land territory in correlation with diplomatic history

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 QUIZ

1. is the adoption and 2-3. Give at least two natures of 4. Give one of the three factors that
application of rational choice for the decision making influence decision making.
management of private, business or
governmental organization in an
efficient manner.

5. A method for systematically 6. The course of history is 7. Give at least one of the domestic
selecting among possible choices determined by the decisions of the determinants of foreign policy
that is biased on reason and facts. political elites. decision.
Leaders and Style of Leadership

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 QUIZ

8. Give at least one of the global 9-10. ( ) is an ( )

influences on foreign policies. between various( )

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