1.

Observing
2.Identifying the Problem
3.Gathering Data
4.Forming the hypothesis
5.Testing the Hypothesis
6.Analyzing Data
7.Making Conclusion
8.Communicating the
Result
 Example using Scientific Method:

PROBLEM: Do mice grow larger if given vitamin C?

GATHER DATA: Learn about mice, their diet and vitamin C.
HYPOTHESIS: If mice are given Vitamin C then they will grow larger.
EXPERIMENT: Two groups of mice- one gets vitamin C ,one does not.
ANALYZING DATA: Weigh mice after two weeks---both groups are the
same size.
CONCLUSION: Hypothesis is not correct ( rejected).
COMMUNICATE RESULTS: Present the results.
 THE NATURE OF IDEAS

INVENTIO INNOVATI
N vs ON
• INVENTION can be defined as the creation of
a product or introduction of a process for the
first time.
• Innovation occurs if someone improves on or
makes a significant contribution to an existing
product, process or service. 
WHAT IS A NOVEL IDEA?

•Based on Merriam Webster, novel can be defined as something that

is new and does not resemble a thing formerly known or used.
• A novel idea can be referred to as “rarity or unusualness.”
•A novel person is someone who thinks or does new and original
concept that has never been seen, used or even thought of before.
•Novelty of the research refers to one or elements that are new in
the research, including new methodology or new observation which
leads to a new knowledge discovery. 
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

•From the root word “search” and the prefix “re”, research can be defined as
repetitive search for something previously unknown.
•Research involves a purposive, organized, and planned program of activities
that result in the acquisition of new knowledge.

•Research is a systematic, objective and comprehensive investigation of certain

phenomenon which involves accurate gathering, recording, critical analysis and
interpretation of all facts about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends.

•From this definition, it is clear that the ultimate goal of research is to attain or
to establish facts about the phenomenon being investigated.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.
2. Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles
or theories that will be helpful in predicting future occurrence.
3. Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
4. Research demands accurate observation and description.
5. Research involves gathering new data from primary or firsthand
sources using existing data for a new purpose.
6. Although research activity may at times be somewhat random and
unsystematic, it is more often characterized by carefully designed
procedures that apply rigorous analysis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
7. Research requires expertise.
8. Research tries to be objective and logical, applying every
possible test to validate the procedures employed, the data
collected, and the conclusions reached.
9. Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved
problems.
10. Research is characterized by patience and unhurried activity.
11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
12. Research sometimes requires courage.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1.Research corrects perceptions as well as expands them.
2.Research gathers information on subjects or phenomena we lack
or have little knowledge about.
3.Research develops and evaluates concepts, practices and theories.
4.Research also develops and evaluates methods that test concepts,
practices and theories.
5.Research obtains knowledge for practical purposes like solving
problems indifferent aspects of life.
6.Research provides hard facts which serve as basis for planning,
decision- making, project implementation, monitoring and
evaluating.
 AIMS OF RESEARCH
1.Generating new knowledge or information
2. Finding an application for the new
knowledge
3. Verifying existing knowledge
4. Developing the investigator
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• According to purpose :
1. BASIC RESEARCH
2. APPLIED RESEARCH

• According to methods:
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE
1. BASIC RESEARCH
• is the type of research which is conducted for the sake of knowing.
• It is also called pure research, fundamental research or theoretical research because
it is designed to add to our understanding and store of knowledge but without any
particular practical goals.
• Whatever knowledge it gains is not intended for any practical purposes such as
improving poor or solving social problems.

EXAMPLES:
a. Relationship between emotional quotient and leadership skills
b. Relationship between GPA and Science grades of grade 6 pupils
c. The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors of students to enroll in
Information Technology courses
2. APPLIED RESEARCH
• the purpose is to obtain knowledge for practical application or useful ends, thus, it is also known as practical
research.

• the intention is not just to acquire knowledge but to use that knowledge to solve problems or improve the
prevailing condition which in the present state is unsatisfactory or may be satisfactory but which has still have
room or possibility for betterment.

EXAMPLES:
a. studies on rice substitute
b. Modern methods for gallbladder operation
c. Different contraceptives for birth control
d. Modern techniques of tooth treatment
e. Use of native plants to serve as gasoline
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO
METHOD
 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
•aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon.
•It can answer what, when, where, when and how question, but
not why questions.
•Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not control or
manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.

•EXAMPLE of such research are taxonomic studies in which similar patterns

among organisms are noted and used as bases for classification. Historical
researches are also descriptive because events, people, and dates are recorded
as they happened. Studies that deal with changes in morphology and anatomy
during the development of organisms are likewise descriptive.
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

•If you put in factors that interfere with what nature provides, then, the
research becomes experimental.

•the researcher controls or manipulates any of the variables

•For example, a researcher who wishes to control the spread of dengue, he

observes the growth of dengue mosquitoes and introduces a chemical at
various stages of its development to find out which stage is most responsive
to the treatment. The chemical treatment is not part of the natural setup.
Imagine taking 2 samples of the same plant and exposing one of them to sunlight,
while the other is kept away from sunlight. Let the plant exposed to sunlight be
called sample A, while the latter is called sample B.

After the duration of the

research, the researcher
found out that sample A
grows and sample B
dies, even though they
are both regularly
wetted and given the
same treatment.
Therefore, the
researcher concluded
that sunlight aids growth
in all similar plants.
You can conduct experimental research in the following situations:

• Time is a vital factor in establishing a relationship

between cause and effect.
• In variable behavior between cause and effect.
• You wish to understand the importance of the
cause and effect.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Categories of Sources of Research
Problems

People Places Objects

Biologist Research agencies Air
Chemist Schools Soil
Physicists Libraries Water
Doctors Home Plants
Inventors Farms Animals
SOME RESEARCH AREAS
Many students have done researches in the following areas:

 Alternative, nonconventional sources of food, feed, and energy;

 Botanical pesticides;
 Control of environmental pollutions;
 Product development;
 Food processing;
 Herbal medicine;
 Process development; and
 Computer science.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF THE PROBLEM

1. Availability of Data.
2. Funds.
3. Capability of a Writer.
4. Attitude and Interest of the Researcher.
5. Interest of the Sponsor or the Benefactor should be considered.
6. Importance of the Issues Involved.
7. Regency of the Issue.
8. Cooperation of Other People.
9. Facilities and Instruments are Available.