INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY
PROF:NICOL ED NUYAD
PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1.Criminal etiology-(origin) deals with the scientific study of crime.it tries it find
explanations as to what causes a criminal behavior.
2.Sociology of law – refers to the study of the nature of law and its
administration.
3.Penology – is the study of the control of crime and rehabilitation of the
offender.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Applied science – is as the application of scientific knowledge transferred
into a physical environment.(instrumentation).
2.Social science - science that studies the society and human behavior. and
studies of crimes as social phenomenon.
3.Dynamic-as years pass by , new ideas are introduced , new knowledge is
discovered and new concept are formed.
4. Nationalistic- crimes are studied in relation to the criminal laws applied in
the country
SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1. STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW
-One cannot study crime without having to study criminal law.
-An act to be considered as crime must have a law defining it as prohibited.
CRIMINAL LAW- it is branch or division of municipal law which defines crime,
treats of their nature and provides for their punishment .
NULLUM CRiMeN PEONA SINE LEGE-LATIN TERM
STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF CRIMES AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINALS
-It’s the studies of etiology of crimes or the causes of crimes.
-Factors that affect the individuals and cause them to commit crimes.
STUDY OF THE OTHER SCIENCE THAT EXAMINE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR USING
SCIENTIFIC MEHODS.
1. CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY- the study of the relationship between criminality
and population.
2.CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY- the study of the relationship between
environment and criminality.
3.CRIMINAL ECOLOGY- the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in the
community.
4.CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- the study of criminality in relation to the physical
constitution of men.
5.CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY- the study of human behavior in relation to criminality.
6.CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY – the study of human mind in relation to criminality.
7.VICTIMOLOGY- the study of the role of the victim in the commission of the crime.
CESARE LOMBROSO –known as the father of modern criminology
CRIMES – is a generic term refers to all acts that violate the law.
Crimes - is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law
TRIANGLE OF CRIME / ELEMENT
OF CRIME
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1.ACCORDING TO THE LAW VIOLATED:((Felony,Offense,Infraction)
FELONY- violation of the Revised Penal Code (RPC).
OFFENSE-the law violated is a SPECIAL PENAL LAW .
EXAMPLE:
RA7877- Anti- sexual harassment.
PD 1613- ANTi- arson law
RA 9262
RA 9995- Anti- photo and video voyeurism law
BP 22- ANTI- bouncing checks law
INFRACTION- Violation of city or municipal ordinance.
2.ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF COMMITTING THE CRIME .(DOLO OR DECIET, CULPA OR
FAULT).
a. INTENTIONAL FELONIES(DOLO OR DECIET.-
-The offender has the intention to do or cause an injury to another.
- the presence of the malice in its commission.
B.CULPABLE FELONIES( CULPA OR FAULT).
- A person cause an injury, without intent to cause an evil.
-Absence of malice
CULPA CAN EITHER ARISE FROM:
A.IMPRUDENCE – Deficiency of action( lack of skill).
-person fails to take the necessary precaution to avoid injury or damage .
B. NEGLIGENCE – Deficiency of perception( lack of foresight).
There is a failure to pay proper attention and used diligence in foreseeing the injury or
damage to be caused.
3. ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF STAGE IN THE COMMISSION OF CRIME( ATTEMPTED,
CONSUMMATED,FRUSTRATED.
INTERNAL ACTS:
-COGITIONIS POENAM NEMO MERETUR’’-NO MAN DERSERVES A PUNISHMENT FOR A THOUGHT
EXTERNAL ACTS:
A. PREPARATORY ACT:- There are ordinarily not punishable , except when the law provides for
their punishment in certain cases.
B. ACTS OF EXECUTION: These are already punishable under the Revised Penal Code.
ATTEMPTED STAGE
A. Directly by overt acts- the offender personally execute the felony
B. Does not perform all the act of execution
C.by reason of a Cause or Accident.
D. other than his own spontaneous desistance.
FRUSTRATED FELONY
A. The offender preforms all acts of execution
B. All acts preformed would produce the felony as a consequence.
C. But the felony is not produced
D. By reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
CONSUMMATED FELONY
-when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.
FORMAL CRIMES: these are consummated in one instant.
MATERIAL CRIMES: these have three stage of execution.
4. ACCORDING TO PLURALITY:((SIMPLE CRIME, COMPLEX CRIME:)
A.Simple crime - is a single acts constituting only one offense.
B.complex crime: single act constituting two or more grave felonies:
Example : robbery with homicide .
5. ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE ACT( CRIME MALA IN SE, CRIME MALA PROHIBITA)
CRIME MALA IN SE- are acts that are inherently or naturally bad or evil,
Example ; killing another person,
CRIME MALA PROHIBITA- are acts that is prohibited only because there are laws forbidding
such acts.
ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF THE CRIMES
A.AQUISITIVE CRIMES –if the offender gained something, material or otherwise by committing
the crime.
B. DESTRUCTIVE CRIMES-if the crimes resulted in destruction, damage even death.
ACCORDING TO THE OR PERIOD OF THE COMISSION OF THE CRIMES:
A. SEASONAL CRIMES- crimes are called seasonal if they happen only during a particular
season.
B.SITUATIONAL CRIMES-when the situation is conducive to the commission of the crimes.
Meaning there is opportunity.
ACCORDING TO THE LENGTH OF THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME:
A.INSTANT CRIMES-crimes that ma be committed in a very short of time.
B.EPISODIAL CRIMES- crimes are committed through a series of acts and in a much longer
amount of time.
ACCORDING TO THE USE OF MENTAL FACULTIES;
A.RATIONAL CRIMES-when the offender is capable of knowing what he is doing and
understanding the consequence of his action.
B.IRRATIONAL CRIMES- when the offender is one who is suffering from any form of mental
insanity, disorder or abnormality.
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF OFFENDER:
A.WHITE COLLAR CRIMES:-Person who belong to upper class or the economic and educational
status of the person who committed the crime:
B.BLUE- COLLAR CRIMES:-committed by an ordinary criminal who commit crimes as a source of
his livelihood.
ART. 9 CLASSES OF ART.25 CLASSES OF DEGREE OF  PENALTY ART.27 DURATION OF
FELONY PENALTY PENALTY
GRAVE FELONY I.Capital punishment I.Death (abolished by RA9346)
ACCORDING TO GRAVITY : II.  20yrs/1day/ to
II. Afflictive  penalty II.Rec. perpetua     40yrs
III. Rec. temporal III. 
12yrs/1day/to 20yrs
IV. Prision  mayor IV.  6yrs/1 day to
12 mons.

LESS GRAVE FELONY I.Correctional  I. Prision  correctional I. 6 mos./1 day to 6rs.

penalty  II. Arresto .mayor  II.  1 mo/ 1day to
III. Suspension  and  distierro 6 mons

LIGHT  FELONY  Light penalty Arresto menor  1 day to 30 days

CRIMES STATISTIC
A. it is important to have records of different crimes committed the specific places where they
are committed.
B. The compilation of all these data is called crimes statistics.
Crimes statistics uses the terms index crime and non – index crimes in classifying crimes.
A. index crimes – example murder, homicide, physical injury, robbery, theft and rape.
B. non index crimes – crimes are those that are not classified as index crimes
CRIMINALS- is a person who committed a crimes.
Two distinct definitions of term
a. Legal perspective –before a person can be called a criminal, he must have
been judge guilty by the court for the crime he committed.(judicial process)
b. Criminological perspective –a person is already considered a criminal the
moment he committed a crime.
Criminal are classified into different
categories.
ACCORIDING TO ETIOLOGY
A. Acute criminals – is person who violated the law as a result of reacting to a situation, such as
during the moment of anger or burst of feeling.
B. Chronic criminals- is one person who committed a crime with intention and deliberated
thinking.
C. Neurotic criminals- is one who is afflicted with a mental disorder and such mental disorder
is the one that causes him to commit a crime.
D. Normal criminal – is a person who commits crimes because he looks up to , or idolizes
people who are criminals.
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF OFFENDER
A.ORDINARY CRIMINALS – Criminals who engages in crimes which do not require any
specialized or technical skill.
B. ORGANIZED CRIMINALS - one who possesses some skills and know how which enable him to
commit crimes and evade detection.
C.PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS –Are characterized as highly- skilled and methodical in their
operations that they are engaged in large scales criminals activities.
ACCORDING TO CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES:
A. Accidental criminals- is person who accidentally violated the law due to
some circumstance beyond his control.
B. Habitual criminals- one who repeatedly commits criminal acts for different
reasons.
C. situational criminals –is a person who got involved in a criminal act because
the situation presented itself.
CRIMINAL LAW
CRIMINAL LAW- it is branch or division of municipal law which defines crime, treats of their
nature and provides for their punishment.
Source of criminal law
1. ACT 3815 known as the Revised penal code.(RPC)
2.SPECIAL PENAL LAWS PASSED BY CONGRESS
3.PRESIDENTIAL DECREES ISSUED BY PRESIDENT MARCOS.
THE EARLY CODES
1.CODE OF HAMURABI
-Hammurabi- the king of Babylon during the eighteenth century BC.
Recognized the first codifier of law.
This code, which was carve in stone.
This provisions of the code were premised on the law of talion or the principle of ‘’ an eye for
eye, a tooth for a tooth.
2. THE HITTITES
-The Hittites existed about two centuries after reign of hammurabi and they eventually
conquered Babylon.
The law of Hittites characterized as brutal. They used death punishment for many offense.
3.CODE OF DRAKON
-This was codified by drakon an Athenian lawgiver in Athens, Greece, the seventh century BC.
-This was known as the ultimate in severity because of its severe penalties even for simple
offense.
4, LAW OF SOLON
- solon , also an Athenian was appointed ARCHON and was given legislative power.
- He was one that first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all
citizens.
5.ROME’S TWELVE TABLES
Roman law began with the twelve tables on sixth century BC.
Written in tables of bronze and it became the foundation of all laws in rome.
THE REVISED PENAL CODE
Act no 3815
Approved on dec,8, 1930
Effectivity on January 1,1932
RPC-composed of Book one and book 2
Characteristic of criminal law
1.it is general in application or GENERALITY:
The provisions of the criminal or penal law must be applied equally to all person within the
territory regardless of sex, race, nationality and other personal circumstances, with the
following exception;
A. head of state or country
B. foreign diplomats and ambassadors
2.it is territorial in character or TERRITORIALITY.
AS part of the right of a state to self preservation and each independent country has the right
to promulgate laws enforceable within its territory.
RPC, SPECIAL PENAL LAW ARE APPLICABLE ONLY TO THE AREAS WITHIN THE PHILIPPINE
TERRITORIAL JUSRISDICTION.
A. Philippine archipelago- all islands that comprise the Philippines.
B. Atmosphere -all bodies of water that connect all the islands such as bays, rivers and streams
C. Maritime zone -12 miles limit beyond our shore measured low tide.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RPC.
RPC SHALL BE APPLICABLE TO ALL CASES COMMITTED OUTSIDE THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL
JURISDICTION
UNDER THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship
2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands or obligations
and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands
4. While being public officers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their
functions; or
5. Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, defined in
Title One of Book Two of this Code.
Crimes are classified into crimes against national security (such as treason, espionage
 and piracy), crimes against the fundamental laws of the state (rebellion, coup d'état, 
sedition and public disorders),
It is prospective or irretrospective/ prospectivity
No person may be punished for his act when at the time he committed the act, it is still not yet
punishable by law. However, penal laws may be given retroactive effect when they are favorable
to the accused.
It is specific and definite
Criminal law must give a strict definition of a specific acts which constitute an offense.
It is uniform in application
An act described as a crime is a crime no matter who committed it wherever committed in the
Philippines and whenever committed.no exception must be made as to the criminal liability
There must be penal sanction or punishment.
Penal sanction is the most essential of the definition of the crimes.
Circumstances affecting criminal liability
1.Justifying Circumstances- are those were the act of a person is said to be in accordance with
law, so that such person is deemed not to have transgressed the law and is free from both
criminal and civil liability.
2.Exempting circumstances- are those ground for the exemption form punishment because
there is lacking in the agent of the crime any of the conditions which make the acts voluntary
or negligent.
3.Mitigating circumstances- are those which, if present in the commission of the crime do not
entirely free the actor from criminal liability but serve only to reduce the penalty.
Aggravating circumstances-are, those which , if attendant in the commission of the crime, serve
to increase the penalty without, however, exceeding the maximum of the penalty provided by
law for the offense.
Alternative circumstances are those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or
mitigating according to the nature and effect of the crimes.
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CRIMINOLOGY
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT - is a term that refers to a group of belief or ideas that support a specific
theory.
Theory is a set of statements devised to explain behavior events or phenomenon, especially one
that has been repeatedly and widely accepted.
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY 
Demonology is one of the earliest theories in criminology. in the ancient times, people believed that
evil spirits or demons entered huma
n body to commit sins. this was the earliest explanation given regarding crime and criminal
behavior. terms like demons,  witches and wendigo were used for people who had turned criminals.
the society thought that it happened due to evil influence. supernatural powers were considered the
best explanation behind crime and sin. it was believed that a person did not commit crimes of his
own free will but under evil influence
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
-According to classical criminologists, individuals have free will.
-crime is  rational choice, and most people  are capable  to commit crime .
-people will commit crime  after they have compared potential  costs  and  benefits   of such 
action.
-most of the  people  fear    punishment  and the  certainty severity and speed  of punishment will
have  an impact on the  level of crime
Founders of the classical school of criminology ,CESARE BECCARIA and JEREMY
BENTHAM.
•NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY 
•This theory modified the doctrine of  free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by
other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling  reasons that prevail. These causes
are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition  that will make it impossible for the 
individual to exercise  free will entirely. In the study of legal  provisions, this is termed  as either
mitigating or exempting circumstances. 
•POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 
•The term  “positivism’’  refers to a method of analysis based on the collection of observable
scientific facts .
It demands for facts and scientific poof ,thus  , changing study  of crimes and criminals  into
scientific approach.
Positivists believe that causes   of behavior can be measured and observed.
Founder of Positivism and Sociology –ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XARVIER COMTE OR
AUGUST COMTE, Was born on January 19,1798 in Montpellier France.1798-1857
-Jeremy Bentham was born on February 15, 1748
In London England
-He was an English jurist, philosopher
Legal and social reformer.
-Jeremy Bentham's contribution to classical
School of criminology is the concept of
Utilitarian and the felicific calculus.
Utilitarianism formulated the felicific calculus or the pleasure and pain principle.
This is a theory that proposes that individuals calculate the consequence of his actions by
weighing the gain or pleasure and the suffering or pain he would derive from doing the action.
Cesare Beccaria
or Cesare Bonesana Marchese de Beccaria,
is best known for
his treatise, on Crimes and Punishment
Published in 1764.
-This book presented a coherent and
Comprehensive design for enlightened
Criminal justice system.
CESARE BECCARIA was born on March 15, 1738 in Milan Italy
He was a lawyer who joined a group of intellectuals called the Academy of fist.
He was later appointed as chairman of law and economics in palatine college of Milan.
Beccaria died on November 28,1794.
Founders of classical criminology
Highlights of on ‘’Crimes and Punishment’’
-Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature
unjust.
-Criminal laws must be clear and certain. Judges must make uniform judgments in similar
crimes. Judge must make uniform judgments.
The law must specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused
offender prior to his trial.
Accusations must be public false accusations should be severely punished
.
To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is admissible ‘’.the promptitude of
punishment is one of the most effective curbs on crime.
The aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal from committing new crimes
against his countrymen, and to keep others from doing likewise punishments, therefore, and
the method of inflicting them, should be chosen in due proportion to the crime so as to make
the most lasting impression on the minds of men.
Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be substituted life imprisonment.
It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. That is the chief purpose of all goo legislation
THE HOLY THREE OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1.CESARE LOMBROSO
2.ENRICO FERRI
3.RAFFAELE GAROFALO
1.CESARE LOMBROSO/EZECHIA MARCO
LOMBROSO (1835-19090
-Was a medical doctor, and Italian criminologist
-Father of modern criminology
-one of the proponents of the positivist school of
Criminology
-Was burn on Nov,6 1835 in Verona Italy
-HE died on October 1909 in Turin Italy

-
-1n1876 he publishes a book called ‘’The criminal Man’’
Known for the concept of atavistic stigmata (the physical features of creatures at an earlier  stage
of development).
He claimed that criminals are distinguishable  from non-criminals due  to the presence of atavistic
stigmata  and  crimes committed  by those who are born certain recognizable heredity traits.

According to his theory ,criminals are usually in possession of huge jaws and strong canine teeth,
the arm span of criminals is often greater than their height, just like that of  apes  who use their
forearms to push themselves  along the ground. 
Other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape  asymmetry of the face,
excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheek bones, eye defects and peculiarities, ears of unusual
size , nose twisted upturned or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in murderers, fleshy
lips, swollen and protruding and pouches in the cheek like those of animal’s toes.
According to him,  there are three (3) classes of criminals:

A. Born criminals - individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata

B. Insane criminals - those who become criminals because some brain defect which affected their
ability to understand and differentiate what is right  from what is wrong.
C. Criminaloids  -  those with make up  of an ambiguous group that includes  habitual criminals
criminal by passion  and other diverse types
ENRICO FERRI (1856-1929)
-Enrico Ferri focused his study on the
The influences of psychological factors and
social factors.
-Was burn on Feb 25,1856 in Lombardy Italy
- he was a student of Cesare Lombroso before
he became a professor of law
He wrote a book entitled criminal sociology
-He died on April 12, 1929.
FIVE TYPES OF CRIMINAL
1.BORN CRIMINALS
2.INSANE CRIMINALS
3.HABITUAL CRIMINALS
4.OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS
5.PASSIONATE CRIMINALS.
BIOLOGICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
BIOLOGICAL DETERMISIM- this refers to the set of theories that point to physical, physiological
and other natural factors as the causes for the commission of crimes of certain individuals.
A. Physiognomy  - the study of facial features and their relation  to human behavior.
1.Giambiatista dela Porta (1535-1615)
-Founder human physiognomy 
-According to him criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial features of the person.
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1901)
-Supported the belief of dela porta.
-He believed that a person’s character is revealed through his facial characteristics
1.FRANZ JOSEPH GALL(1758-1828)
Phrenology , Craniology or Cranioscopy - the study of the external formation of the skull in
relation to the persons personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior .
2.JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHIEN(1776-1832)
SPURZHEIM-Was a German phrenologist who worked as assistant to Franz joseph Gall. HE also
studied phrenology and believed in its findings.
Physiology and Somatotype - refers to the study of body build of a person  in relation to his
temperament and personality and the type of offense he is prone to commit.
Ernst  Kretschmer  (1888-1964)
-he distinguished  the  principal types of physique: Asthenic  , pyknic and dysplastic.
1. Asthenic - characterized as thin , small and weak.
2.athletic - muscular and strong.
3.pyknic- stout, round and fat.
4.dysplastic - combination of two body types
William Herbert Sheldon 1898-1977
 -Formulated  his own group of Somatotype : Ectomorph  , mesomorph and endomorph 
 
a. Ectomorph  -  tall and thin and less social and more intellectual  than the other types.
b. Mesomorph - have well-developed muscles and an athletic  appearance.
c. Endomorph - heavy builds and slow moving.
HEREDITY- is the transmission of traits forms parents to offspring.
- studies of relationship of genetics to criminality.
1.RICHARD LOUIS DUGDALE (1841-1883)
-Richard Dugdale was an American sociologist who in 1877 conducted a study of the jukes
family by researching their family tree as far back as 200 years.(The jukes)
2.HENRY HERBET GODDARD 1866-197
He was a American Psychologist
STUDY (THE KALIKAK FAMILY) A study in heredity of feeble - Mindedness