Inflow Performance

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Overview
Instructional Objectives

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 Calculate the IPR for oil wells
 Calculate the IPR for gas wells
Reservoir Capabilities
Single phase liquid flow

 Darcy’s Law
– Liquid flow in Laminar Flow through a permeable

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medium is described by Darcy’s Law

7.08 X 10 k h  pr  pwf 
3

q
  re  
 o Bo  ln    0.75  s  a' q 
  rw  
Required Data

 Permeability (k)
 Thickness of producing zone (h)


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Average reservoir pressure (P)
 Average viscosity (u) - PVT
 Average oil formation volume factor (Bo)-PVT
 Radius of drainage (re)
 Radius of the drilled hole (rw)
 Total skin (S)
 Turbulent flow (aq)
Reservoir Capabilities

 s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)

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 k   ra 
s    1 ln  
 ka   rw 
Damage Caused by Drilling Fluid

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Mud filtrate
invasion
Damage Caused by Production

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p > pb
p < pb
Damage Caused by Injection

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“dirty” incompatible
water water
Reservoir Model of Skin Effect

Bulk

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formation
Altered
zone

ka
h

rw

ra
 Reservoir Pressure Profile
2000
Pressure, psi

1500

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1000
ps

500
1 10 100 1000 10000

Distance from center of wellbore, ft

Skin and Pressure Drop

0.00708 k h

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s p s
qB
Skin and Pressure Drop

141.2qB

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p s  s
kh
Skin Factor and Properties
of the Altered Zone

k   ra 

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s    1 ln 
 ka   rw 
Skin Factor and Properties
of the Altered Zone

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ka 
s
1
lnra rw 
Effective Wellbore Radius

 rwa 

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s   ln 
 rw 
s
rwa  rw e
Minimum Skin Factor

 re 

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smin   ln 
 rw 
Minimum Skin Factor Example

 re   745 

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smin   ln    ln   7.3
 rw   0.5 
 Productivity Index

 A common indicator of liquid reservoir behavior is PI

or productivity index

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– Referred to as “J” in SPE nomenclature

q
J STB / D / psi
p  p wf
Productivity Index in Terms
of Darcy’s Law

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3
7.08 X 10 k h
J
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
Calculating Flowrate

 Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q, quickly and

easily from

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q  J (p  p wf )
 Exercise 1

 Given reservoir parameters:

k = 30 md

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h = 40 ft
o = 0.5 cp
Bo = 1.2 RB/STB
hole size = 8 ½ inches
s =0
Exercise 1

 Calculate:
 J for re = 1,000 ft

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 q for a drawdown ( p  p wf ) of 750 psi
 q for a drawdown of 1,000 psi
 With p = 3,000 psia, calculate q for a complete
drawdown (absolute open flow potential).
Two-phase flow in the reservoir

 Bubblepoint pressure (pb)

– Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released

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from reservoir oils
Multiphase Flow

 Vogel’s Behavior
– IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the

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following dimensionless variables

p wf q
and
p qmax
Multiphase Flow

 Mathematical model for Vogel’s curve

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2
 q    pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  
Vogel Curve

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0.8

0.6
pwf/pr

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

q/qmax
Exercise 2

Given Data:
 Pr = 2400 psi

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 qo=100 b/d
 Pwf=1800 psi

Calculate:
 qo max
 Construct IPR curve
Combination single phase liquid and two phase flow

q
J STB / D / psi 

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p  pwf
+
2
 q    pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  
 Multiphase Flow

 Combination Darcy/Vogel

Co

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p ns
ta
nt
J

pb

Vo
ge
l Be
Pressure

ha
pwf vi
or

J pb
qb
qmax
1.8
O

O Rate q
 Multiphase Flow

 Mathematical relationship between Vogel (qmax) and Darcy

(AOF)

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J  Pb
qmax  qb 
1.8
 Multiphase Flow

 How to find qmax:

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for q  qb , Darcy' s law applies : q  Jp  p wf 

  2
 p wf  p wf 
 for q  qb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0 . 2  0 . 8   
  pb  pb  
 

J pb
qmax  qb 
1.8
Exercise 3

 Pr =3000 psia
 Pb = 2000 psia (bubble point)

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 K = 30 md
 h = 60 ft
 Bo = 1.2
 uo = 0.68 cp
 re = 2000 ft
 rw = 0.4 ft
 S=0
 Exercise 3

Calculate:
 q(bubble point)

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 qo max if it follows Vogel´s relationship below Pb
 qo for flowing pressure of
(a) 2500 psia
(b) 1000 psia
Procedure for flow efficiency not Equal to 1.0

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Pr  P´wf
FE 
Pr  Pwf
Where:
P´wf = The equivalent undamaged flowing pressure
Pwf = actual flowing pressure
Pr = static reservoir pressure
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Pwf´
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Exercise 4

Given Data
 Pr=2600 psi<Pb

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 test shows q =500 b/d for Pwf = 1800 psia from build up,
the FE value = 0.6
Calculate
 (1) qomax for FE =1.0
 (2) qomax for FE =0.6
 (3) Find qo for Pwf=1300 psia for FE=0.6, 1.0 and 1.3
 Three or Four points tests

 Fetcovich proposed that flow after flow or isochronal

test as used on gas wells could also be used on oil

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wells

2 2 n
q  J ' o(Pr  Pwf )
2 2 n
q  C (Pr  Pwf )
 These equations are straight lines on log log with J’o and
C representing the intercept on the q axis (where Pr2-
Pwf2=1 and n = 1/slope)
Exercise 5

 Given Data: four point oil well test:

Pr = 2500 psia Pb=3000 psia

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Test qo Pwf
1 880 2000
2 1320 1500
3 1595 1000
4 1752 500
Exercise 5

Calculate:
(1) value of exponent n

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(2) value of J’o
(3) Absolute open flow potential (AOFP) or qmax
(4) qo for Pwf=2200 psia
Three or Four points tests

 Jones, Blount, and Glaze suggest that radial flow for both
oil and gas could be represented to show wether near

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wellbore restriction exist

7.08 X 10 k h  p  pwf 
3

q
  re  
 o Bo  ln    0.75  s  a' q 
  rw  
  B(ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 *1013 Bo 2   2
Pr  Pwf   3  q 2 q
 7.08 *10 ( Kh)  
2
4 h p rw 

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b a

Pr  Pwf  B (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 *10 13 Bo 2  

 3   2 q
q  7.08 *10 ( Kh )  
2
4 h p rw 
  9.08 *1013 Bo 2  
a 2 2 
 4 h p rw 

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 B (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S 
b 3 
 7. 08 * 10 ( Kh ) 

Pr  Pwf
 aq  b
q

b'  b  aq max
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 Conclusions based on the plot

(1) if b is low -less than 0.05- no formation damage occurs in the well.
The degree of damage will increase with increasing values of b
(2) If the value of b’/b is low -less than 2-litlle or not turbulence is

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occurring in the well formation system
(3) If the value of b and b’/b are low, the well has a good completion
(4) If the value of b is low and b’/b is high, stimulation is not
recommended. The low productivity is caused by insufficient open
perforated area. Additional perforations would be recommended
(5) if the value of b is high and b’/b is low, stimulation is recommended
 Exercise 6

 Given Data: well test:

 Reservoir pressure= 4453 psi
Test qo(b/d) Pwf (psi)

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1 545 4427
2 672 4418
3 746 4412
4 822 4405
Calculate:
(1) Plot (Pr-Pwf)/qo
(2) Recommend ways to improve the productivity of the well
Future IPR

 Future production rate

 determine when a well is to be placed on artificial lift

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 Rate acceleration projects and comparing artificial lift
methods
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 Future IPR

 Fetcovich procedure

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qo  J ' o1 
 Pr2  2
 Pr2  Pwf 2 
n

 Pr1 

From a three or four point flow test it is posible

to predict IPR curves at other static reservoir
pressures
Exercise 7

 Given Data (from exercise 5)

 The equation describing this test was:

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0.70192
 (2500) 2  Pwf 2 
qo  3.906 
 1000 

Calculate:
 (1) qo max when Pr lowers to 1800 psia
 (2) qo for Pwf=800 psia when Pr=1800 psia
 Gas Reservoirs

 Pseudosteady State
– The behavior of gas flowing in laminar flow through a

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porous medium (Darcy’s Law)

q
7.03X10 4
kh p 2 2
 p wf 
  re  
g T z  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
Calculation of IPR Curve

4000

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3000
pwfs, psia

2000

1000

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

q, Mscf/day
Using the Real Gas Pseudopressure (pp (p))

 
7.03 x 10  4 kh pp p   pp p wf 

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q
  re  
T  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
and
p p
pp p   2  dp
p z
o
 Exercise 8
Plot the IPR Curve

Given the following data and using the pressure squared

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relationship:

k = 100 md
ug = 0.02 cp
h = 20 ft
T = 610R
re = 1,500 ft
Z = 0.9
rw = 0.33 ft
P = 4,000 psig
s = 0
g = 0.65
IPR in Gas Reservoirs

 Jones’ Gas IPR

– Problem -

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 Darcy’s law valid for laminar flow only
 High permeability gas wells produce in turbulent
flow near the wellbore

2 2 2
p  p wf  aq  bq
Definitions

 3   re  
 1.424 x10 g z T  ln    0.75  s 
a    rw  

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 kh




 3.16 x1012   g T z
b 
 hp2 rw

Exercise 9

 Given data: four point gas well test:

 Pr=4750 psia

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Pwf (psia) Gas flow rate
MMScf/d
4213 9.45
3806 12.37
3243 15.21
2763 16.98
Recommended a way to improve the productivity of
this well
Transient IPR Curves

 Assumptions
 Darcy’s and Jones’ laws assume that the average pressure

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P is constant
 Drainage radius, re, is constant and that
 These assumptions are true in pseudo-steady state only,
i.e. when all of the outer boundaries of the reservoir are
reached.
Transient IPR Curves

 The time to reach pseudo-steady state (pss), tstab,

can be calculated with the following equation

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2
948   c t re
t stab 
k
 Exercise 10
Oil Well Stabilization Time

 Find tstab with the following data

– f = 0.1

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– o = 0.5 cp
– ct = 2 X 10-5 psi-1
– re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
 Exercise 11
Gas Well Stabilization Time

 Find tstab with the following data

– f = 0.1

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– g = 0.02 cp
– ct = 2 X 10-4 psi-1
– re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
Transient Flow

pwf

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p tstab > t3 > t2 > t1

t1

t2
tstab
t3

q
Transient IPR Curves

 Transient Flow Equation

 for oil wells

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k h p  p wf 
qo 
  kt  

162 .6o Bo log    3.23  0.87 s 
   c r  2 
  o t w 

 for gas wells (low pressure only)

qg 

k h p 2  p2wf 
  k t  
1638g T z  log    3.23  0.87s 

   c r2 
  g t w  
Summary

 Purpose---> to show the various procedures used in

the construction of IPR curves for oil and gas

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 if reservoirs models are readily available, they may
be used in place of a less rigorous procedure
 IPR curves for gas condensate reservoirs and many
wells producing from secondary and tertiary
recovery projects are good examples where more
sophisticated techniques are needed
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References