Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
KIM A. ESTREBELLA
LANDSLIDE
SINKHOLE
RAINFALL
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD
LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES
LANDSLIDE
The mass movement of
rock, soil, and debris
down a slope due to
gravity.
Landslides are a
downward movement of
geological materials
such as soil and rock.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Landslides occur when the sum of downward driving forces
(gravity, seepage, earthquake forces, etc.) is greater than the
sum of the resisting forces (strength of the material, lateral
confining forces due to retaining wall.
LANDSLIDE TRIGGERS

Intense rainfall Weathering of rocks

LANDSLIDE TRIGGERS

Ground vibration created during Volcanic activity

earthquake
LANDSLIDE TRIGGERS

Mining Construction activities

TRIGGERING CONDITIONS

• Steep slopes
• Weakening of slope materials
• Weathering of rocks
• Overloading on the slope
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE
Slumps
a type of landslide where the soil is involved. They can travel
short distances and vary from rapid to very rapid.
Debris slides and flow
when debris from rockfalls and slumps mix with water, they can transform into
debris slide that can travel great distances. Sometimes debris slides carry
logs, trees or even houses made out of light materials
Rockfall and topples
involved rocks, are extremely rapid and can travel great distance.
They usually occur in a cliff or steep slopes where rocks basically
fall out or roll over in great speed.
Creep
are generally slow, involve soil, and travel short distances. Creeps create
soil ripples that looks like miniature folds or small wave-like figures along the
slopes.
Mudslides
generally involved saturated soils moving at extremely rapid
velocities and travel great distance.
How can you protect yourself
from landslide?
How can you protect yourself from landslide?

• Learn your Surrounding

• Know your Hazards
• Heighten your Observation
• Be updated to local news
SINKHOLES
• Depressions or openings in the ground surface as the result of
a collapse in the ceiling of an underground cavity or cavern.
• Sinkhole is an area of ground that has no natural external
surface drainage – when it rains, all the water stays inside the
sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface.
• Sinkholes can vary from a few feet to hundreds of acres and
from less than 1 to more than 100 feet deep.
• Sinkholes typically develop slowly, but can also form suddenly
when a collapse occurs.
Types of sinkholes
 Dissolution sinkholes
• occur where there is little soil or
vegetation over the soluble rock.
Aggressive dissolution occurs
where flow is focused in pre-
existing openings in the rocks, such
as long joints, fractures, and
bending planes, or in the zone of
water table fluctuations where the
ground water is contact with the
atmosphere. They typically develop
gradually
Cover-collapse sinkholes
• tend to develop abruptly and cause
catastrophic damages. They occur
where the covering sediments
contain significant amounts of clay.
CAUSES OF
SINKHOLES
CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
• They are naturally occurred in areas underlain by soluble carbonate or
evaporated rocks like limestone, dolomite, gypsum, and salt.
• Lowering of groundwater levels can cause a loss of support of the soft
materials in the rocks spaces that can lead to collapse
• Changing groundwater gradients (due to removing or introducing water to
the system) can cause loose materials to flush quicker from the voids and
the surface to collapse in response.
• Any changes to the hydrologic system (putting more water in or taking it
out) causes the system to become at least temporarily unstable and can
lead to sinkholes.
• Sinkholes occur in response to a variety of both natural and manmade
triggering events, such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, volcanic activity, or
road and building construction.
How can you protect yourself from
Sinkhole?
• Ask assistance from your local government unit and community
for land survey within your area. They use scientific methods in
identifying possible sinkhole which have not yet collapsed.
• Report changes on the ground such as sinking roadways to the
local government unit.
• Discuss with your community about sinkhole awareness,
especially if your local community is known for occurring
sinkholes. Make disaster plan for mitigating possible disaster
induced by sinkholes.
Danger of
Landslides and
Sinkholes
Danger of Landslides and Sinkholes
• Destruction of landscape and topography
• Property damage
• Injury and Death
• Negative Economic effects
Impending signs of landslides and sinkholes
• As the landslide mass slowly moves down, it pushes the ground at the
bottom or toe of the slope and causes it to bulge.
• Water seeping down a slope is one of the most common sources of
landslides, and is manifested by water collecting or emerging at the bottom
or toe of the slope.
• Tilted vertical objects like trees, post, and fences is evidence that a slope is
moving. A forward tilt into the prone position indicates that the landslide is
shallow and translational. A back tilt into the recumbent/reclining position
indicates that the landslide is rotational and relatively deep seated.
• Downward movement of the materials near the surfaces of the slope
results in the formation of tension cracks on the slope surface