Thermochemistry

The Flow of Energy

 Energy is the capacity to do work or supply

heat.
 Energy has no mass or volume.
 Chemical potential energy is energy stored in
chemicals.
 The kinds of atoms and the arrangement of
the atoms in a substance determine the
amount of energy stored in the substance.
 Heat

 Heat is a form of
energy that always
flows from a warmer
object to a cooler
object.
 Heat is represented by
q.
 Thermochemistry
 Thermochemistry is the
study of the heat changes
that occur during
chemical reactions and
physical changes of state.
 The law of conservation
of energy states that in
any chemical or physical
process, energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
 The Great Debate
1. Exothermic reactions lose heat.

2. Endothermic reactions absorb heat.

 Exothermic and Endothermic
 Thermochemistry is concerned with the flow of
heat between a chemical system (reaction) and
its surroundings.
 A system is the specific part of the universe on
which you focus your attention.
 The surroundings include everything outside the
system.
 The system and the surroundings constitute the
universe.
 Exothermic and Endothermic
 In thermochemical calculations
the direction of the heat flow is
given from the point of view of
the system.
 A process that absorbs heat from
the surroundings is called an
endothermic process.
 A process that loses heat to the
surroundings is called an
exothermic process.
 Exothermic
Surroundings

Heat Released

Energy
System
H= negative
8
CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H 2O + Heat
Reactants
CH 4 + 2O2
Heat
Products
CO2

EXOTHERMIC H+ =
2 Hnegative
2O 9
 Endothermic
Surroundings

Heat Absorbed

Energy
System
H= positive
10
 
N 2 + O 2 + heat  2N
O Products
2N
O
Reactants
Heat
N2 +
O2
ENDOTHERMIC H = positive
 Change in Energy (Heat)
H
The change in heat energy ( H) in a
chemical reaction is called enthalpy

H = negative (-) =

exothermic
H = positive (+) = endothermic
12
 Units of Heat
 A calorie is the quantity of heat
that raises the temperature of
1 gram of pure water 1oC.
 A Calorie, or dietary Calorie, is
equal to 1000 calories.
 A Joule is the SI unit of heat
and energy.

1 Calorie = 1000 cal = 1 kcal =

4184 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
 Energy Conversions
Make the following conversions.
444 calories to Joules
444 cal x 4.184 J = 1857.7 J
1 cal

850 Joules to calories

850 J x 1 cal = 203.2 cal

4.184 J
 Convert the following from Joules to
Calories
1. 920 J
2. 1005 J
3. 115 J
4. 215.45 J
 Convert the following from Calories TO
Joules
1. 525 C
2. 1250 C
3. 256 C
4. 36 C
 Heat Capacity

 The heat capacity of an object is the amount of

heat it takes to change an object’s temperature by
exactly 1oC.
 The greater the mass of an object, the greater the
heat capacity.
 The heat capacity of an object also depends on its
chemical composition.
 Specific Heat
 The specific heat capacity of a
substance is the amount of
heat it takes to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of the
substance 1oC.
 Specific heat is represented by
C.
 The units of specific heat are
J/goC.
 Water has a higher specific
heat than most substances.
 Heat

Heat = mass x specific heat x change in temp

q = m.C.T

Mass is in grams
Specific heat is in J/goC
Change in temp is in oC
1. Using calories, calculate how much heat 32.0g of
water absorbs when it is heated from 25oC to 80oC.
How many joules is this?

q = m.C.T

q = 32g (4.184 J/goC) (55oC) = 7363.8J

7363.8J x 1 cal = 1759.9 cal

4.184 J
1. Using calories, calculate how much heat 32.0g of
water absorbs when it is heated from 25oC to 80oC.
How many joules is this?

q = m.C.T

q = 32g (4.184 J/goC) (55oC) = 7363.8J

7363.8J x 1 cal = 1759.9 ca

4.184 J
2. Using calories, calculate how much heat 145.5g of
water absorbs when it is heated from 45oC to 100oC.
How many joules is this?

q = m.C.T

q = 145.5g (4.184 J/goC) (55oC) = 33, 482.46J

33,482.46x 1 cal = 8002.5 cal

4.184 J
3. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed
when 1000g of water is heated from 18oC
to 85oC?

q = 1000g (4.184J/goC) (67oC) = 280328J

280328J x 1kJ = 280.328kJ

1000 J
4. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed
when 100g of water is heated from 22oC
to 65oC?

q = 100g (4.184J/goC) (43oC) = 17,991.2 J

17,991.2 J x 1kJ = 17.99 kJ

1000 J