WRITING

RESEARCH
FOR
PUBLICATION
Phase II
 Formulating the objectives

 Writing the Introduction

 Providing direction on the content

of the review of literature
PARTS OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER (GENERIC)
Title
Authors, Affiliations and email add
Abstract
Introduction (background, current status, significance, objectives,
scope)
Objectives
Review of Literature (part of the Introduction in the IMRAD format)
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Objectives
Objectives are usually headed by infinitive verbs such as:
 To identify

 To establish

 To describe

 To determine

 To estimate

 To develop

 To compare

 To analyse

 To collect
A well-worded objective will be SMART
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time-bound
SPECIFIC
 Contributory Factors on dental fear of pediatric
patients:
 environmental factor
 situational factor
MEASURABLE

 Using standardized instruments or

existing questionnaires or checklist
from the previous studies
ATTAINABLE

 Having sufficient or adequate number

of respondents or participants based on
the resources
REALISTIC

 Accuracy of the data from the

respondents without bias
TIME BOUND

 Accomplish the research within the

specified time
TEMPLATE: OBJECTIVES
 General Objective
 Specific Objectives
 Profiling is optional (Respondent, Institution,
Business)
 1st major variable (Latent)
 2nd Major Variable (manifest)
 Testing of differences or relationship
 Propose strategies, plans, programs
RELATIONSHIPS

 Used to measure the degree of

association between two variables
 Ex:

Environment
Dental Fear

Situation
DIFFERENCES
 Use to compare two groups

Dental Fear

Male Female
DIFFERENCES
 Use to compare two or more groups

Frequency of Visit

Zero 1-2

3 or more
 The objective of this research was to identify
the factors contributory to the influence of dental
fear in pediatric patients.
More specifically, the research presented the
personal characteristics of the pediatric respondents
in terms of frequency of visit to the dentist and sex.
It also determined the factors influencing dental
fear as to environmental and situational factors.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 Test the significant difference on the factors
contributing to dental fear when grouped
according to sex and frequency of visit.
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
 Write the introduction based on the
identified problems and variables
SIMPLE THINGS TO CONSIDER:

Writing the Introduction

Problems/issues under study (Global, National, Local)
Discussion of the overview of all variables
(with scientific theories)
Arguments and justification with supporting
literature (including discussion of hypothesis)
Rationale (Significance)
Some Weaknesses of the Papers

Introduction
 No clear statement of issues/problems to be
addressed / No strong arguments
 Insufficient reviews

 No clear overview of the major variables

 Lack of relevant theories connected with the
study
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS
 What are the issues or challenges currently facing
by the respondents in order to pursue this
investigation?
 Provide strong arguments and rationale to justify
the need to conduct this study.
MOST COMMON COMMENTS
 Discuss the problems and issues faced by the
respondents that this study would like to address.
 Provide theories, principles and concepts related
to the issue under study to make relevant
interpretation with scientific basis for the
findings.
INTRODUCTION
 Provides background information of the Marital/Domestic
problem for the research, so that the reader is Violence Issue
persuaded that it will be useful/interesting.
 Provides the overview of the major variables Factors that Influence the
 Builds an argument for the research and Domestic Violence
presents research question(s) and gaps from
the literature Previous Studies and
Supporting Literature

 It includes discussion of hypothesis and

objectives of the study. Cite the hypothesis and purpose
of the study

 It provides intention of conducting the research,

Rationale
its significance and intended utilization of the
findings
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION – PROBLEM

Marital violence has been a widely

studied topic since the seventies, whereas
violence between dating partners has
become the object of growing attention
since Makepeace pioneer study in 1981.
SUPPORTING LITERATURE TO THE PROBLEM

This study revealed that one in every five

college students was affected by this problem,
whereas 61% of participants revealed that they
knew young people who had gone through an
abusive dating experience. Since then, research
on dating violence has increased steadily and
considerably, assuming a prominent position in
the relevant international scientific literature
(Smith, 2010).
VARIABLES
The relevance of the study of violence in dating
relationships is mainly concerned with three aspects: the
magnitude and immediate impact on victims, their
fragility and vulnerability, and the fact that dating
violence can potentiate more serious aggression such as
physical, psychological and sexual violence (Caridade,
2011). This evidence underscores the need to study the
progression from dating violence to marital violence,
through developing longitudinal studies that seek to
compare evolutionary patterns of violence.
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION (RESEARCH GAP)

Yet, studies that compare violence between dating and

married couples are sparse in international research and
inexistent in the Portuguese context. In the following
literature review, it begins by showing how research in
the area of marital and dating violence has increased;
then present and discuss the results of the few available
studies comparing levels of violence across these two
distinct relational contexts—marriage and dating;
finally, concentrate on investigations that analyze the
relationships between attitudes and behaviors.
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