Application of

SPSS in Thesis
Writing
INTRODUCTION: What is SPSS?
 Originally it is an acronym of
“STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL
SCIENCE” but now is stands for
“STATISTICAL PRODUCT AND SERVICE
SOLUTIONS”

 One of the most popular statistical

packages which can perform highly
complex data manipulation and
analysis with simple instructions
Starting with SPSS

● SPSS Windows

Two Windows

oData Window and Variable Window

oOutput Window
Data Editor
● Spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering,
editing, and displaying data.
Variable View Window
● This sheet contains information about the data
set that is stored with the dataset

Click “Variable View”

Output Window
● This window contains the output/results generated
by the software
Basic Operation in SPSS
● Variable Entry (adding or deleting a variable)

● Data Entry (adding or deleting the data)

● Saving the data
● Importing data from Excel file
● Checking the data entered
● Sorting the data
● Transforming the data
Data Analysis with SPSS
● Frequencies
 This analysis produces frequency tables showing
frequency counts and percentages of the values of
individual variables.
● Descriptive
 This analysis shows the maximum, minimum, mean, and
standard deviation of the variables
● Correlation analysis
 Correlation analysis is used to describe the strength and
direction of the linear relationship between two variables.
● Independent Sample t-Test
 Used to determine significant difference between the means of two
independent variables.
● One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
 This Analysis determine whether there are any statistically
significant differences between the means of more than two
independent variables.
STEP 1: How to transfer your data from excel to SPSS?
 Open your SPSS software.
 Drag your Excel file “Data” in the SPSS Software to
transfer all the data.
STEP 2: How to transfer your data from excel to SPSS?

The dialog box “Opening Excel Data Source” will appear.

First, Choose
the worksheet
file you want
to transfer the
data in SPSS

Then,
Click “Ok”
DATA EDITOR
All the data in the worksheet file name “Encoded Data” of excel
are now transferred in the SPSS Software
Variable View
Variable View

If you want to change

the Level of
Measurement, click this
and choose between
scale, ordinal and
nominal. It is important
to determine the correct
level of measurement
before we start to
generate the results.
Step1: How to get Frequency and Percentage using SPSS?

To open the Frequency dialog box, from the

menus, choose:
Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Frequencies
 Step2: How to get Frequency and Percentage using SPSS?

Highlight the
variables you
want to get the
frequency and
percentage, then
transfer it to the
Variable(s). You
can drag or click
the arrow to
transfer the
highlighted
variables.
Output Viewer
Output Viewer
Step3: How to get Frequency and Percentage using SPSS?

Paste the generated output of SPSS in the excel

file. Start editing the table to make it presentable.
Delete unnecessary columns.
 Frequency and Percentage (Edited Version of SPSS Output)

Make sure that the font size is 11, font

style is Arial, middle align and center
text except the label category.
Label Category
 Frequency and Percentage (Final Version of the
Output of SPSS with Interpretation on the Tables)

Transfer the edited table into word file. Do the write-ups

and make sure that discussion are double spacing,
justify, font size is 11 and font style is Arial.
Step 1: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?

To group the variables, you need recode into different

variables. From the menus, choose:
Transform > Recode into Different Variables
Step 2: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?

1. Highlight the variables you 3. Type “Age_Group” to

want to group/recode. name the new variables.

5. Click “Old and

New Values” to start
grouping/recoding
2. Put the variables age the age variable
or the variables you to
4. Click “Change”
group/recode. to create a new
name for the
variables
Step 3: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?

2. Put “1” in the value

to indicate that all
respondents with an
age of 30 years old
3. Click “Add”
and below will recode
as 1.

1. Mark “Range,
LOWEST through
value” to
group/recode age
variables. Put “30”
to indicate that age Once you click
group is 30 years old “Add” it will
and below. appear
Step 4: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?

2. Put “2” in the

value to imply that
all respondents
with an age of 31
to 37 years old will
recode as 2.

It will appear once

your done
1. Mark “Range” and grouping/recoding the
put 31 through 37. It age variables
indicate the age group
of respondents of 31 to
3. Click “Continue”
37 years old.
Step 5: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?

Once you click “OK”,

you will see on the
data viewer the
additional column
name “AGE_GROUP”
variables

Click “OK”
 Step 6: How to group the Age variables using SPSS?
Once your done
grouping/recoding the age
variables, get the
frequency and percentage
of the new variables.
Step 1: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

To open the custom table builder, from the menus, choose:

Analyze > Custom Tables > Custom Tables…
Step 2: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

Once you drag and drop the

variables, it will appear.

2. Change the
Rows Area category
position,
choose “Row
Labels in
Column”
instead of
1. Highlight the
Default.
variables you want to
appear in the table.
Simply drag and drop
it into the Rows area.
Step 3: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

Once you
change the
category
position into
row labels in
column, it
will appear

2. Click “OK”
1. Click “Row
Labels in
Column”
Output Viewer
Step 4: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

To get the weighted mean, open the Descriptive Dialog

Box from the menus. Choose:
Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives…
Step 5: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

3. Click “Option”

1. Descriptive dialog
box will appear

2. Highlight all the

variables for Home
related support or the
variables you are
interested to get the
weighted mean. Then
drag or click the arrow to
transfer all the
highlighted variables to
the right.
Step 6: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

1.Uncheck the
unnecessary options
because we are interested
only with the mean of
each variables.
2. Click “Continue”

Once you click 3. Click “OK”

“Option” in the
descriptive dialog
box, it will appear.
Output Viewer
Step 7: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

Paste the generated output of SPSS in the excel file. Start

editing the table to make it presentable. Delete unnecessary
columns.
Step 8: How to get the Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation?

Change all the zero Make sure that

frequency into “ – ” the weighted
mean is 2
decimal point

To get the overall

weighted mean, type
“=average(G5:G14)”
in the excel file
To determine the verbal interpretation:
4 – Point Likert Scale
Range Range Verbal
Scale
(Extrem e) (Equal) Interpretatio n
1 1.00-1.50 1.00 - 1.75 Never
2 1.51-2.50 1.76 - 2.50 Sometimes
3 2.51-3.50 2.51 - 3.25 Most of the Time
4 3.51-4.00 3.26 - 4.00 Always

5 – Point Likert Scale

Range Range
Scale Verbal Interpretation
(Extreme) (Equal 4/5)
1 1.00-1.50 1.00 - 1.80 Strongly Disagree
2 1.51-2.50 1.81 - 2.60 Disagree
Somewhat Disagree/
3 2.51-3.50 2.61 - 3.40
Somewhat Agree
4 3.51-4.50 3.41 - 4.20 Agree
5 4.51-5.00 4.21 - 5.00 Strongly Agree
Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation
(Final Version of SPSS Output)
Step 1: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

To open the Compute Variable dialog box,

from the menus, choose:
Transform > Compute Variables...
Step 2: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and One-
Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

1. Type
“MEAN_HRS”
in the target
variable .

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric

expression, then insert the
variables HRS1 to HRS10

3.Click “OK”
Step 3: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
1. Type “MEAN_SRS” in the target variable

2. Type
“MEAN()” in
the numeric
expression,
then insert the
variables SRS1
to SRS10

Click “OK”
Data View

On the Data View you

will see additional
column for
“MEAN_HRS” and
“MEAN_SRS”
Step 4: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and One-
Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

Take note: Independent Sample T-Test

is used in this example because we
are comparing two groups but if there
are many groups to be compared we
will used One-Way Analysis of
Variance

To run the Independent Sample T-Test, from the menus,

choose:
Analyze>Compare Means>Independent-Sample T-Test...
Step 5: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
The dialog box for “Independent Sample
t-test” will appear
1. Highlight the variables
“MEAN_HRS” and
“MEAN_SRS”, then transfer it
to the Test Variable(s)

2. Highlight the variables

“Gender” and transfer it to
the Grouping Variable.

3. click “Define
Groups”
Step 6: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
1. Input “1” in the
group 1 and input Once you click
“2” in the group 2 “Define Groups” in
to denote that 1 the Independent
is the code used
Sample T-Test
for male and 2 for
female. dialog box, it will
appear.

2. Click
“Continue”

3. Click “OK”
Output Viewer

It indicates the mean of two

groups (Male and Female)

It indicates
the t-value It is the p-value
used to determine
It is the p-value used if Accept Ho or
to determine if “Equal Reject Ho
variances” or Not
Equal Variances”
assumed
Independent Sample t-test (Final Version of
SPSS Output with Interpretation on the Tables)
Step 7: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

To run the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), from the

menus, choose:
Analyze > Compare > One-Way ANOVA...
Step 8: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test and One-
Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
1. Highlight the variables “MEAN_HRS”
and “MEAN_SRS”, then transfer it to the
Dependent List.

3. Click
“Options”

2. Highlight the variables

4. Click “OK” “Marital Status” and transfer it
to the Grouping Variable.
Step 9: How to Compute Independent Sample t-test
and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
1. Put a check mark on
Once you click the the box of “Descriptive”
“Options” in the One-Way
ANOVA dialog Box, it will
appear.

2. Click
“Continue”
Output Viewer

It indicates the mean of more

than two groups

It indicates
the F-value

It is the p-
value used to
determine if
Accept Ho or
Reject Ho
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (Final Version of the
Output of SPSS
Step 1: How to Compute Pearson Product Moment
Correlation/Pearson r

To open the Compute Variable dialog box, from the

menus, choose:
Transform > Compute Variables...
Step 2: How to Compute Pearson Product Moment
Correlation/Pearson r

1. Type
“MEAN_INTRINSI
C” in the target
variable .

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric

expression, then insert the
variables I_1 to I_10

Then, click “OK”

Step 3: How to Compute Pearson Product Moment
Correlation/Pearson r

To run the “Pearson r” from the menus, choose:

Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate...
Step 4: How to Compute Pearson Product Moment
Correlation/Pearson r
The dialog box for “Bivariate Correlations” will appear
Transfer the variables of
interest which are “GRADES
AND MEAN_INTRINSIC” from
the field on the left to the field
on the right click the symbol of
“Arrow”

Then click “OK”

OUTPUT VIEWER

The value of
Pearson
Correlation is
This is the “p value”, which
0.440. It is used
used to determine if there is
to determine
significant relationship
how strong the
between x and y variables.
relationship and
also determine
the direction if it
is inverse or
direct
relationship.
Step 5: How to Compute Pearson Product Moment
Correlation/Pearson r

Paste the generated output of SPSS in the excel file.

Start editing the table to make it presentable. Delete
unnecessary columns.
 Pearson Correlation (Edited Version of SPSS Output)

We indicate in the decision “Reject Ho” because

based on the decision rule: If p value is less than or
equal to the level of significance which is 0.05 we
reject the null hypothesis, otherwise retain.
Therefore, there is significant relationship between x
and y variables.
Pearson Correlation (Final Version of SPSS Output
Step 1: How to Compute Linear Regression

1. Type “MEAN_A” in
the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric expression,

then insert the variables “A1 to A15”
Step 2: How to Compute Linear Regression

1. Type “MEAN_B” in
the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric

expression, then insert the
variables “B1 to B15”
Step 3: How to Compute Linear Regression

1. Type “MEAN_C” in
the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric

expression, then insert the
variables “C1 to C12”
Step 4: How to Compute Linear Regression

1. Type “AVERAGE_GRADE”
in the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric expression,

then insert the variables “GEN_MATH_GRADE,
PRE_CAL_GRADE,BASIC_CAL_GRADE”
Data View

On the Data View you will see

additional column for “MEAN_A”,
“MEAN_B”, “MEAN_C”, and
“AVERAGE_GRADE”
Step 5: How to Compute Linear Regression

To run the “Regression Analysis” from the menus, choose:

Analyze > Regression > Linear...
Step 6: How to Compute Linear Regression
The dialog box for “Linear
Regression” will appear.

Transfer the variable

“AVERAGE_GRADE” in the Then, click “OK”
field of dependent. For
independent field, transfer the
variables “MEAN_A”,
“MEAN_B”, and “MEAN_C”.
Output Viewer
Linear Regression (Final Version of SPSS Output)
Step 1: How to Compute Chi - square

1. Type “mean_A” in
the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric expression,

then insert the variables “A1 to A7”
Step 2: How to Compute Chi - square

1. Type “mean_B” in
the target variable

2. Type “MEAN()” in the numeric expression,

then insert the variables “B1 to B8”
Data View

On the Data View you will see

additional column for
“MEAN_A” and “MEAN_B”.
Step 3: How to Compute Chi - square

To run the “Chi – square Test” from the menus, choose:

Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs...
Step 4: How to Compute Chi - square
The dialog box for “Crosstabs” will appear.
2. Click “Statistics..,
then the dialog box
“Crosstabs: Statistics”
will appear.

1. Transfer variable “Gender” in to Row(s),

and “MEAN_A” in to Column(s).
Take note, it doesn't matter if you put “Gender” in
to Column(s), and “MEAN_A” in to Row(s). The
result is still the same. 3. Then, click “Continue” and click “OK”.
Output Viewer
Chi – Square Test (Final Version of SPSS Output)
Thank you
End of Presentation