Somali Network Classroom

CHAPTER TWO
Processor, Artificial Intelligence and Motherboard

Bro. Abdiaziz Hussein

Ahmed
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Processor
• The another name of processor is Central Processing Unit
(CPU).
• CPU is the main part (Brain) of the computer system.
• The first CPU was made in the 1940s and was run the
first computer EDVAC.
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Functions of CPU
To carry data out for processing.
To perform arithmetic calculations such as addition and
subtraction
To read instructions & data from memory.
To communicate with peripherals using system bus.
To give commands to all parts of computer system.
To control timing of information flow.
To control the storage of data and instruction.
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Generation structure of CPU

• The CPU run many different structure versions :

1. DIP= Dual Inline Package

2. PGA=Pin Grid Array
3. SECC= Single Edge Contact cartridge
4. LGA=Land Grid Array
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DIP= Dual Inline Package

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PGA=Pin Grid Array

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SECC= Single Edge Contact cartridge

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LGA=Land Grid Array

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Clock –Rate /Speed-Rate Processor

• The clock speed measures the number of cycles your
CPU executes per second, measured in GHz
(gigahertz).

CPU speed

Internal clock External Clock

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Internal Speed Vs External Speed

• Internal speed is the speed inside the CPU.
• External Speed is the speed the CPU and the RAM(Read
Only Memory).
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Factoring affecting processing speed

Computer word size.

Bus system speed.
Main memory size.
Chace memory size.
Number of processing units.
Instruction set complexity .
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CPU Units
• The three logical units that make up the central
processing unit are the
• Control Unit
• Logic Unit /Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Memory Unit/Storage Unit
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The manufacture companies of CPU.

• The common two manufacture companies in the word
are :
• Intel = integrated Electronics.
• AMD = Advanced Micro Devices.
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Intel company
Most important processor which the Intel
Company manufacturing :

1. Celeron Processor
2. Pentium Processor
3. Core Processor
4. Atom Processor
5. Xeon processor
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1. Celeron Processor
Clock speed: The 2021 Celeron line has options up to 3.6 GHz
of clock speed, Clock speed measures how fast a CPU can
process data.

Processor Remarks
CPU Series
product used in
Desktop For Basic
Intel Pentium
Laptops Productivity
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2. Pentium Processor
Clock speed: while Pentiums rank marginally faster, up to 4.3
GHz, Clock speed measures how fast a CPU can process data.

Processor Remarks
CPU Series
product used in
Desktop For Basic
Intel Pentium
Laptops Productivity
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3. Core Processor
Core type Clock speed Number of core
Dual core 3.2 GHZ 2 core
Core i3 3.6 GHZ 2 core
Core i5 3.46 GHZ 4 core
4 GHZ
Core i7 4 core

2 Core means that processor can run like two processor.

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4. Atom Processor

Processor Remarks
CPU Series
product used in
Notebooks Discontinued for
Intel Pentium Mobile devices all mobile
(Samsung 10s..) devices; .
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5. Xeon Processor
Clock speed: Xeon processor Clock speed rate b/w
0.4 GHz to 4.80 GHz
.
There are three versions of Xeon
processor :
 E5-2400 (small-middle companies)
 E5-2600 (middle-large companies)
 E5-4600 (large –super companies)

Processor Remarks
CPU Series
product used in
 found performing
Servers and
Intel Xeon workload-heavy
workstations
computation
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AMD company
Most important processor which the AMD
Company manufacturing :

1. AMD Turion Processor

2. AMD Sempron Processor
3. AMD Athlon 64 Processor
4. AMD Athlon dual core 64 Processor
5. AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor
6. AMD Opteron Processor
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1. AMD Turion Processor

Used for mobile devices, notepads and hand devices..
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2. AMD Sempron Processor

Used desktop computer that is used for running internet and more ..
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3. AMD Athlon 64 Processor

Used for game Graphic designing computers .
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4. AMD Athlon dual core 64 Processor

Used for advanced graphic designing computers.

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5. AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor

Used for game play devices computers .
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6. AMD Opteron Processor

Used for server computers.
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Features in AMD processors

• There are many feature Technologies that make the AMD
processor best.
1. MMX(Multimedia Extension)
2. SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions) 
3. Hyper transport
4. Power now/ colon quiet
5. Enhanced virus protection
 
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1. MMX(Multimedia Extension)

• that is designed to run faster when playing multimedia

applications.
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2. SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions) 

• That is designed for allow CPU to running many pages in
single application.
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3. Hyper transport
• That is designed for link processors to each other and
motherboard.
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4. Power now/ colon quiet

• That is designed for lowing the speed of CPU when using
simple application.
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5. Enhanced virus protection

• That is designed for protecting the malware applications
(virus, worm ) from the CPU.
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Factors affecting comparison b/w CPUs

• To choose and select the best CPU ,you should see in
these three features factors :

1. Clock speed
2. Thermal Design Power
3. Hyper Threading
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32-bit vs 64-bit

32-bit processor 64-bit processor

Older Newer
Slower Faster
And less secure More secure
4GB RAM 16TB RAM
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How to know my Operating System (OS) is

32-Bit or 64-bit
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Overclocking
• In computing, overclocking is the practice of increasing
the clock rate of a computer to exceed that certified by the
manufacturer.
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Most important thing to consider Overclocking

Technology

1. The most important thing to consider is whether or not

your CPU and Motherboard even support
overclocking.
2. Another thing to consider is the actual overclocking-
related features of the motherboard you get
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Overclocking Benefits

Performance
1.
2. Cost Savings
3. Maximized Speed
4. Device Upgrade
5. Test & Researches
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Overclocking Risks

• Overheating will cause your CPU to fail, and can also

cause permanent damage
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How to use CPU-z Application

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CPU-Z
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Artificial Intelligence
• In short form AI.
• Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence that machine
allow for performing an action traditionity by human
done.

Intelligence

Natural Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence
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Common Types of Intelligence

• Language Intelligence
• Sport intelligence
• Social intelligence
• Music intelligence
• Place intelligence
• Self intelligence
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Artifial Intelligence Practical

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Advantages of artificial Intelligence

1.  Reduction in Human Error
2. Takes risks instead of Humans
3. Available 24x7
4. Helping in Repetitive Jobs
5. Helping in Repetitive Jobs
6. Faster Decisions
7. Daily Applications
8.  New Inventions
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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. High Costs of Creation
2. Making Humans Lazy
3.  Unemployment:
4.  No Emotions
5. Lacking Out of Box Thinking
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How to work AI ?
• Artificial Intelligence is based in mathematical so that the
common mathematical that AI consider :
• Algebra
• Algorithm
• Binary system
• Boolean algebra
• Electronic Circuit
• Machine language
• Sensors
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Watson Computer
• IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system
capable of answering questions posed in natural language
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Motherboard
• The motherboard is the backbone that ties the
computer's components together at one spot and
allows them to talk to each other.
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Why Motherboard is named ?

•  It's called a motherboard because it's the main circuit
board.

• A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit

board, mb, M board, backplane board, base board,
system board, logic board.
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Motherboard types
motherboard

According According
formation components
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Motherboard Types According Formation

• Standard-ATX
• Micro–ATX
• Mini-ITX
• Nano-ITX
• Pico-ITX
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Motherboard Types According Components

• Integrated Motherboard
• Non-Integrated Motherboard
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Can I See Real Motherboard ?

Practical
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Most Integrated Components of Motherboard

1. Ports
2. Chipsets
3. Buses
4. Slots
5. Group of electronic components
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Ports
• A Computer Port is an interface or a point of connection
between the computer and its peripheral devices.

Ports In
motherboard

ports in
ports in Integrated Non-Integrated motherboard
motherboard ports ports that is non-built
that is built in in motherboard
motherboard
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Common ports in Motherboard

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Chipsets
• The chipset is a silicon backbone integrated into the
motherboard that works with specific CPU
generations.
• It relays communications between the CPU and the many
connected storage and expansion devices
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North Bridge VS South Bridge

North Bridge Chipset South Bridge Chipset

South bridge is located towards South of PCI bus of the

North bridge is located towards the north of
motherboard
motherboard.

South bridge is connected via North bridge to the CPU.

North bridge is directly connected to the CPU.

It manages the communications between the CPU and It manages the Input and Output functions.
other parts of the motherboard.

North bridge connects components like RAM, AGP. South bridge connects components like PCI, USB.

South bridge looks smaller.

North bridge looks bigger.
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Manufacture Companies in Chipset

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Show me North bridge and south

bridge ?
practical
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firmware
• Firmware is small memory chip on the motherboard.
• stored on a Inside this firmware chipset found a software
called BIOS .
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What is BIOS software ?

• In long term is Basic Input / Output System.
• BIOS IS the program a computer's microprocessor
uses to start the computer system after it is powered
on.
•  BIOS is the first software to run after a computer
starts.
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Functions of BIOS ?
• BIOS identifies, configures, tests and connects
computer hardware to the OS immediately after a
computer is turned on.
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Show me BIOS Software In Firmware ?

practical
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BIOS Software Types

• There are two different types of BIOS:

1. UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) BIOS 

2. Legacy BIOS (Basic Input/output System) .

UEFI BIOS Legacy BIOS

UEFI runs in 32-bit and Legacy runs in 16-bit
64-bit,
allowing support for Allowing supports
mouse and touch keyboard navigation. 
navigation. 
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Can I know the type of BIOS in my

PC ?
practical
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CMOS
•  is a small amount of memory on a computer
motherboard that stores the Basic Input/output
System (BIOS) settings.
• The CMOS memory storage :

1. types of disk drives are installed

2. the current date and time of your system clock,
3. and your computer's boot sequence
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CMOS Battery.
• powers your laptop's BIOS firmware.
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Firmware ,BIOS ,CMOS and CMOS battery

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Manufacture companies in BIOS Software ?

• Major BIOS manufacturers include:
• American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
• Phoenix Technologies.
• ALi.
• Winbond.
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Buses
• Buses are circuits on the motherboard that connect
the CPU to other components.
• There are many buses on the motherboard.
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Buses function
• The buses perform two functions :
• Transport data b/w components in motherboard
• Transport power b/w components in motherboard.

• The speed of a bus is measured in megahertz (MHz).

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Most Integrated Components of Motherboard

1. Ports
2. Chipsets
3. Buses
4. Slots
5. Group of electronic components
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slots
• Another name is called Extension Slots.
•  a socket on the motherboard of a computer into
which an expansion card may be inserted
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Types of Extension slots

1. ISA=Industry Standard Architecture

2. PCI= Peripheral Component Interconnect.
3. AGP = Accelerated Graphic Part
4. PC1 Express
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1. ISA=Industry Standard Architecture

• Is type of Extension slots that can different Cards enter in.
• Manufactured by IBM company.
• Speed 8 bit & 16 bit.
• Inverted by 1991
• Now it’s not manufacturing.
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2. PCI= Peripheral Component Interconnect.

• Is also type of Extension slots that can different Cards

enter in.
• Manufactured by Intel Company.
• Speed 133MB/S 266MB/S 533MB/S.
• Inverted by 1992
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3. AGP = Accelerated Graphic Part

• Is type of extension slot for screen card only.
• Manufactured by Intel company.
• Speed 2133MB/S
• Inverted by 1996
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4. PC1 Express
• This type developed by four companies :
1. Intel
2. IBM
3. Dell
4. HP
• Speed from 250MB/S-31.51GB/S
•  for personal computers' graphics cards, hard disk drive
host adapters, SSDs, Wi-Fi and Ethernet hardware
connections
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Most Integrated Components of Motherboard

1. Ports
2. Chipsets
3. Buses
4. Slots
5. Group of electronic components
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Group of electronic components

• There are many small electronic devices in motherboard
such as :
a) Resistor
b) Transistor
c) Capacitor
d) Coil
e) Jumpers
f) Diode
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1. Resistor
• limits or regulates the flow of electrical current.
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2. Transistor
• amplify or switch electronic signals
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3. Capacitor
• storing electrical energy.
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4. coil
• prevents sudden changes in electrical current.
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5. Jumpers
• Limit the direction of electric current.
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6. Diode
• It allows the electric current to move in one direction
and not return to the direction it came from
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Questions in Chapter Two

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Question 1
Which computer component contains all the circuitry
necessary for other components or devices to
communicate each other ?
a) Motherboard
b) Adapter card
c) Hard drive
d) Expansion slots
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Question 2
Which o these speeds is one of the speeds in PCI
extension slot ?
a) 233
b) 899
c) 220
d) 244
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Question 3
What type of device has an RJ-11 port built in ?
a) Modem
b) Video
c) Sound
d) NIC
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Question 4
What is the most recent CPU form ?
a) DIP= Dual Inline Package
b) LGA= Land Grid Array
c) SECC= Single Edge Contact Cartridge
d) PGA= Pin Grade Array
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Question 5
What of the fallowing from intel CPU ?
a) Core
b) Pentium
c) Turion
d) atom
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Question 6
What is the numerical system for machine code ?
a) Decimal system
b) Alpha system
c) Hexadecimal system
d) Binary system
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Question 7
Where is the use of expert system ?
a) Artificial intelligence
b) CPU process
c) RAM memory
d) cooling
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Question 8
What of the fallowing AMD CPU ?
a) Core
b) AMD Opteron
c) Pentium
d) atom
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Question 9
Which of the fallowing motherboard is good for non-expert
for IT essential Person (Normal user Computer ) ?
a) High cost motherboard
b) Low cost motherboard
c) Integrated motherboard
d) Non-integrated motherboard
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Question 10
What of the fallowing intel CPU used for smart phones ?
a) Pentium
b) Core
c) Xeon
d) atom
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Question 11
What is the traditional port used for mouse and keyboard ?
a) Rj-45 port
b) Ps/2 connector
c) USB port
d) Jack port
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Question 12
What is the port used for the modem ?
a) RJ10
b) RJ11
c) RJ18
d) RJ12
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Question 13
What is the traditional port used for microphone ?
a) Jack port
b) Rj-45 port
c) USB Port
d) Modem port
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Question 14
Which of the fallowing Intel CPU used for servers ?
a) Pentium
b) Core
c) Xeon
d) atom
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Question 15
What is the speed for USB super speed ?
a) 1 GB
b) 5 GB
c) 10 GB
d) 23 GB
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Question 16
Which of the fallowing is AMD CPU used for servers ?
a) Opteron
b) Sempron
c) Athlon
d) Turion
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Question 17
What is function of Resistor ?
a) Storage the electricity
b) Low the electricity
c) Organizing the electricity
d) Move the electricity
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Question 18
What is the function of capacitor ?
a) Low the electricity
b) One direct electricity
c) Organizing the electricity
d) Restore the electricity
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Question 19
What is the function of Diode ?
a) Air cooling
b) Restore the electricity
c) One direct the electricity
d) Low the electricity
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Question 20
What BIOS Support for the Computer ?
a) Increase the speed computer system.
b) System for Storage the computing instruction of the
computer.
c) To allow for download another system for computer
system.
d) Perform like CMOS battery.
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Finally

We ended chapter
two