SUBJECT:

QSU3033 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURER’S NAME:
DR. RUAIBAH YAZANI BINTI TENGAH

NAME OF INNOVATION :
BRAIN DISEASE OF (CNS)

TOPICS:
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE
(STROKE)
NAME MATRICS NUMBER GROUP
AQILAH HASYA BINTI D20211100936 B
HARIS FADZILLAH
CHE ABDUL HALIM BIN D20211100927 B
CHE MOHD ASRI
MUHAMMAD NAZHAN D20211100931 B
BIN NAZRI
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• Microsoft PowerPoint is an easy program to use and a powerful tool

for giving a presentation and in advance interactive storytelling. It is a

very useful tool for creating quality vector diagrams and icons. It easy

for the teachers to present the topics to the students.

• In this Learning material , we will examine the Nervous System, as

well as the disease, which are included in this system. We will provide

some assessment, such as a quiz, at the end of the learning. Moreover,

we have provided some videos as well as some learning material to

help as extra information.

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 Learning Objective

• Explain the function of the Nervous System

• Identify how the stroke occurs in the Central Nervous System
(Brain)
• Explain how to treat the different type of stroke
• Making a synthesis of the effects to the stroke occurs on the Brain
 Overview Mechanism Diagnosis
Nervous System Disease Symptom
Occurrence

Complications Risk Factors Treatment Extra

Information
Element

Quiz Promotion
 The human nervous system is a complex network
OVERVIEW
comprising of the brain, nerves and the spinal cord, which
NERVOUS
control both voluntary and involuntary actions of the
SYSTEM
human body.

It divided into:

Central nervous Peripheral

system Nervous System
 Which mainly includes spinal nerves
 Which mainly
and cranial nerves.
comprises of two
 Consists of the neurons and parts of
parts and spinal cord.
 The CNS functions in neurons found outside of the CNS,
includes sensory neurons and motor
the analysis of
neurons.
information.
 Sensory neurons bring signals into
the CNS, and motor neurons carry
signals out of the CNS.
 FUNCTION

The nervous system is involved in receiving information about the environment

around us (sensory functions, sensation) and generating responses to that
information (motor functions, responses) and coordinating the two
(integration).
 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

• Master of controlling and communicating

system of the body.
Function
• Works • Monitor sensory input
together with the endocrine
system to maintain homeostasis. (information) from the

• Nervous system - quick response to environment

• Integrate the information
stimuli
• Endocrine system - slower but long-lasting • Response by activates the

effects effector organ

DIVISION OF BRAIN

I. Cerebrum
II. Diencephalon
III. Brainstem
IV. Cerebellum
INTRODUCTION
OF THE DISEASE Stroke or “brain attack” is a condition in

‘STROKE’ which there is a narrowing of blood vessels

to the brain or blood vessels rupture. Part
of the brain tissue will be damaged due to
lack of oxygen supply. When that part of

? the brain tissue is damaged, it will die and

brain function will be lost

Stroke is an emergency condition that needs to be treated as soon as possible,

because brain cells can die in just a matter of minutes . Stroke is a dangerous
disease that can result in permanent disability. The brain is the nerve centre of
the body, controlling everything we do or think. Brain damage will affect the
senses, speech and language comprehension. The side of the body may be
paralyzed, attitudes, thought patterns and memories altered.
 CIRCULATION IN THE
BRAIN

• The brain needs a constant supply of blood,

which carries the oxygen and nutrients it needs
to function.

• Blood vessels that carry blood to the brain from the heart are called arteries
• Specific arteries supply blood to specific areas of the brain

The arterial supply to the brain is provided by two systems:

• Carotid System (Supply anterior portion of the brain.)

• Vertebro-Basilar System (Supply posterior portion of the brain

Anterior cerebral arteries
CIRCULATION IN THE
 Supplies orbital and medial surfaces of BRAIN
frontal and parietal lobes.

Middle cerebral arteries

 Supplies entire superolateral surface

Posterior cerebral arteries

 Supplies anterior and inferior temporal lobes,

Inferior temporal gyri and inferior and medial
occipital lobe

The carotid arteries and the vertebrobasilar arteries join to form the Circle of Willis at
the base of the brain and from this circle, arteries branch off to supply the brain with
blood
 FACT’S DISEASES IN
Stroke is the third largest cause of MALAYSIA
death in Malaysia after heart disease
and cancer.

One of the top five leading causes of

death and one of the top 10 causes for
hospitalization in Malaysia.

Stroke is characterized as an acute

neurological deficit and mostly related
with vascular origin (WHO, 2012).

Every year, Bernama estimates that

40,000 Malaysians suffer from stroke.
 SYMPTOM

Sudden trouble walking

• You may stumble or lose your balance. You may also
have sudden dizziness or a loss of coordination.

Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes

• One or both eyes have vision problems. You may experience
double vision or have blurred or darkened vision in one or
both eyes.
 Numbness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg
• Face, arm, or leg may experience abrupt numbness, weakness,
or paralysis. This usually just affects one side of your body. At the
same moment, try to raise both arms above your head. You may
be having a stroke if one arm begins to fall. When you try to
smile, one side of your mouth may droop.

Sudden severe headache with no known

cause
• A sudden, intense headache that is
accompanied by vomiting, dizziness, or altered
awareness could be a sign of a stroke.
Sudden trouble speaking and understanding
• It's a communication problem caused by a
linguistic issue. Strokes in the left side of the
brain, which govern speech and language, are
the most common cause. People with aphasia
may find it difficult to communicate in
everyday situations such as at home, in social
situations, or at work.
• A blocked artery (Ischemic Stroke)
Mechanism Occurrence

• Leaking or bursting of a blood vessel

(Hemorrhagic stroke)

• A temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain,

known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA),

 Strokes are usually classified by what mechanism caused the loss of the
blood supply. A stroke may also be described by what part of the brain
was affected (for example, a right temporal stroke) and what part of the
body stopped working (stroke affecting the left arm) .
 ISCHEMIC STROKE

• Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke.

An ischemic stroke is caused by an artery in the brain being obstructed
or blocked, preventing oxygen-rich blood from being delivered to brain
cells. The artery can be blocked in a couple of ways.
 Type of Ischemic Stroke :
Thrombotic
Stroke
The blockage of an artery in the brain by a clot (thrombosis) is the most
common cause of a stroke. An artery can narrow over time because of
cholesterol build-up, called plaque. If that plaque ruptures, a clot is formed at
the site and prevents blood from passing to brain cells downstream, which are
then deprived of oxygen.

Embolic
Stroke
. In an embolic stroke, a blood clot or plaque fragment forms, usually
in the heart or the large arteries leading to the brain, and then moves
through the arteries to the brain. In the brain, the clot blocks a blood
vessel and leads to a stroke. The most common cause of these blood
clots is a heart arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation
 HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

Caused by blood vessel leaks and spills blood into

brain tissue, those brain cells stop working.
• High blood pressure and aneurysms can make
blood vessels weak enough to burst.
• The bleeding can form a hematoma that directly
damages brain cells and may also cause
swelling that puts further pressure on
surrounding brain tissue.
• When a burst blood vessel bleeds into brain tissue.
The bleeding causes brain cells to die and the part
of the brain that is affected stops working correctly. Intracerebral
Hemorrhage

• High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is

the most common cause of this type of stroke.

• Blood vessel bursts near the surface of the brain

and blood leaks into the space between the brain
Subarachnoid and the skull (the subarachnoid space).
Hemorrhage
• Blood that collects in this space puts pressure on
brain tissue and causes blood vessels to spasm. This
type of stroke can be caused by different things but
is usually caused by a burst aneurysm.
 Transient
Ischemic Attack
Sometimes known as a ministroke
(TIA)
• If an artery in the brain or one
that goes to the brain is blocked
for a short time, blood flow slows
down or stops.
• Symptoms last for a short time
and then disappear.
• A TIA is a serious warning that
you might have a stroke.
 DIAGNOSIS

Physical examination:
• Check person’s symptoms and medical history.
• Check muscle strength, reflexes, sensation, vision, and coordination.
• Check blood pressure, listen to the carotid arteries in the neck,
• Examine the blood vessels at the back of the eyes.

Blood tests
• Blood tests to determine if there is a high risk of
bleeding or blood clots, measuring levels of particular
substances in the blood, including clotting factors, and
checking whether or not an infection is present
 CT scan
A series of X-rays can show haemorrhages,
strokes, tumours, and other conditions
within the brain.

MRI scan
These use radio waves and magnets to create an
image of the brain, which a doctor can use to
detect damaged brain tissue.

Carotid ultrasound
A doctor may carry out an ultrasound scan to check
blood flow in the carotid arteries and to see if there is
any narrowing or plaque present.
 Echocardiogram
This creates a detailed image of the heart, which
doctors can use to check for any sources of clots
that could have travelled to the brain.

Cerebral angiogram
A doctor may inject a dye into the brain’s blood vessels to
make them visible under X-ray or MRI. This provides a detailed
view of the blood vessels in the brain and neck.
 Complications
• Paralysis
Become paralyzed on one side of body

• Difficulty talking
Difficult to talk clearly

• Memory loss
people who have had strokes may experience some
memory loss.

• Emotional problems
Difficulty controlling emotions, or may develop
depression.

• Pain
Numbness or other unusual sensations may occur in the
parts of the body affected by stroke.
 Risk factors
 Lifestyle risk factors:
Physical
inactivity

Use of illegal drugs

such as cocaine and
methamphetamine
Heavy or Being overweight
binge or obese
drinking

continue…
 Medical risk factors:

High blood
Cardiovascular Diabetes pressure
disease

Cigarette smoking
or second-hand
smoke exposure

continue…
 Other factors associated with a higher risk of stroke include:

Age 
People age 55 or older have a higher risk of stroke than do
younger people.

Race
African Americans have a higher risk of stroke than do
people of other races.

Sex 
Men have a higher risk of stroke than women. Women are
usually older when they have strokes, and they're more
likely to die of strokes than are men.

Hormones 
Use of birth control pills or hormone therapies that include
estrogen increases risk.
 Treatment
Ischemic stroke
 Aspirin

• Used for stroke prevention because it is not

considered powerful enough to dissolve a blood clot
or prevent a growing blood clot from getting larger.

 TPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)

• A potent blood thinner that is administered

intravenously for select cases of acute progressive
stroke.
• tPA dissolves the clot that is blocking an artery in the
brain and restores blood supply.
 Mechanically thrombectomy (blood clots remove)

• During this procedure, a doctor inserts a

catheter into a large blood vessel inside head.
• Then use a device to pull the clot out of the
vessel.

 Removing the clot with a stent retriever

• Used a device attached to a catheter to

directly remove the clot from the blocked
blood vessel in brain.
• This procedure is particularly beneficial for
people with large clots that can't be
completely dissolved with tPA.
 Hemorrhagic stroke
 Surgical clipping

• A surgeon places a tiny clamp at the base of the

aneurysm, to stop blood flow to it.
• This clamp can keep the aneurysm from bursting,
or it can keep an aneurysm that has recently
haemorrhaged from bleeding again.

 Coiling (endovascular embolization)

• Using a catheter inserted into an artery in groin
and guided to brain, surgeon will place tiny
detachable coils into the aneurysm to fill it.
• This blocks blood flow into the aneurysm and
causes blood to clot.
 Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

• Surgeons may remove a smaller AVM if it's located in

an accessible area of brain.
• This eliminates the risk of rupture and lowers the risk

of haemorrhagic stroke.

 Stereotactic radiosurgery

• Using multiple beams of highly focused

radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery
Extra information
Extra information
Element
1. What is a stroke?

2. If the stroke occurs at the right part of the brain,

then which part of the body is affected? Why?

3. Blood supply to the brain that is briefly interrupted

describe a?
4. What is the difference between ischemic and
hemorrhagic stroke?

5. Give reasons why someone have a stress can cause a

stroke?

6. What are your plans for the future in an educated

community to emphasize the importance of taking care
of one's own brain?
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THE END!!!!!