Grade IX Chapter - 8

MATHEMATICS
 Topic: Types of Quadrilaterals
Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes
• To recall the definition of Students will be able to
quadrilateral understand:
• Properties of different types of
• To identify different types quadrilaterals
of quadrilaterals • Conditions for a quadrilateral to
be a parallelogram.
 Quadrilateral
• A figure formed by joining four points
in an order, where no three points are
collinear, is called a quadrilateral.
• A quadrilateral has four sides, four
angles and four vertices.
 Angle Sum Property of a Quadrilateral

The sum of the

angles of a
quadrilateral is
360°.
Different types of Quadrilateral
Parallelogram • A parallelogram has opposite sides
parallel and equal in length. Also,
opposite angles are equal (angles "A"
and angles "B" are the same).
• The diagonals bisect each other.
• NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and
Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!
Rectangle
1. A rectangle is a four-sided shape
where every angle is a right angle (90°).
2. Also, opposite sides are parallel and of
equal length.
3. Diagonals are of equal length.
Rhombus
• A rhombus is a four-sided shape where
all sides have equal length.

• Opposite sides are parallel and

opposite angles are equal.

• The diagonals meet in the middle at a

right angle. In other words, they "bisect"
(cut in half) each other at right angles.

• A rhombus is sometimes called a diamond.

Square
• A square has equal sides and every
angle is a right angle (90°).
• Also, opposite sides are parallel.
• A square also fits the definition of
a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and
a rhombus (all sides are equal length).
• The diagonals "bisect" (cut in half)
each other at right angles and are of
equal length.
Trapezium
• A trapezium has a pair of opposite
sides parallel.

• An Isosceles trapezoid, as shown, has

left and right sides of equal length

that join to the base at equal angles.
Kite
• It has two pairs of sides.
• Each pair is of equal-length.
• The angles where the two pairs meet
are equal.
• The diagonals, shown as dashed lines
above, meet at a right angle.
• One of the diagonals bisects (cuts
equally in half) the other.
Theorem 8.1: A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into
two congruent triangles.

Given: ABCD be a parallelogram and AC be a

diagonal. Diagonal AC divides parallelogram ABCD
into two triangles,
To prove:
Proof: In ∆ ABC and ∆ CDA,
and is a transversal
So, (Pair of alternate
angles)
Also, and is a transversal.
So, (Pair of alternate angles)
and (Common)

Hence,

Or diagonal AC divides parallelogram ABCD into

two congruent triangles ABC and CDA.
 Conditions for a Quadrilateral to be a
Parallelogram
1. If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is
a parallelogram.

2. If in a quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is equal, then it

is a parallelogram.

3. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a

parallelogram.

4. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite sides is

equal and parallel.
 EXERCISE - 8.1
1. The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the
angles of the quadrilateral.

Sol: Let the angles be

Using Angle Sum Property of a Quadrilateral,

So, the angles are , and

2. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a
rectangle.
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. BD and AC are diagonals such that
AC = BD.
To prove: ABCD is a rectangle.
Proof: In triangles ,
]

BD
Therefore,
Thus,
As is a Parallelogram.
Therefore,

As in a parallelogram
so, the parallelogram is a rectangle.
3. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right
angles, then it is a rhombus.

Sol: In triangles AOB and COD,

Therefore,

Similarly, we can show that

In triangles AOB and BOC,

OB = BO (Common)

Therefore,
Hence,

From , and
Hence is a rhombus.
4. Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at
right angles.
Given: ABCD is a square.
To prove: OA = OC, OB = OD and
Proof: In triangles and ,
Sides of the square]
AB = BA [Common]

Therefore,
(By CPCT)
(By CPCT)
Similarly,
Also,
From and
In triangles and
AD = DC (Sides of square)
OD = OD (Common)

Therefore,
(By CPCT)
Similarly, we can show that OB = OD
Also, (By CPCT)

Hence, diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
5. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each
other at right angles, then it is a square.
Sol: (Refer to third question)
First prove is a rhombus.
Now
AD = CB (Sides of rhombus)
AB = BA (Common)
AC = BD (Given)
[By SSS rule]
(By CPCT)
As ,

As in a rhombus one angle is hence the rhombus is a square.

6. Diagonal AC of a parallelogram bisects . Show that
(i) it bisects ∠ C also, (ii) is a rhombus.

Given: Diagonal AC of a parallelogram bisects

To Prove: (i) AC bisects ∠C (ii) is a rhombus.
Proof: In triangles DAC and BCA,
CD = AB (Opposite sides of parallelogram)
AC = CA (Common)
AD = BC (Opposite sides of parallelogram)
Therefore,
(By CPCT)
(By CPCT)
and (Given)
Now, Diagonal AC of a parallelogram bisects
(Opposite angles of parallelogram)

(AC is bisector of angle and )

(Sides opposite to equal angles are equal)

In a parallelogram as adjacent sides are equal, hence

ABCD is a parallelogram.
7. ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C
and diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Given: ABCD is a rhombus. AC and BD are two diagonals.
To Prove: Diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C and diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Proof: In ,

AC = AC [Common]

Therefore,
(By CPCT)
(By CPCT)
So, diagonal AC bisects ∠A and ∠C.
Similarly, by taking triangles BAD and BCD, we can show that diagonal BD bisects ∠B
as well as ∠D.
9. In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that
DP = BQ. Show that:

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. Two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that
DP = BQ.
To Prove:

is a parallelogram
Proof: In
is a transversal.
(Alternate angles)
AD = BC (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
DP = BQ (Given)
In ,

AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

BQ = PD (Given)

From (i) and (ii),

Opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal therefore, .
10. ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from vertices
A and C on diagonal BD. Show that:
(i) ∆APB ≅ ∆CQD (ii) AP = CQ
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars
from vertices A and C on diagonal BD.
To Prove: (i) ∆APB ≅ ∆CQD (ii) AP = CQ
Proof: In ∆APB and ∆CQD,
(Opp. sides of a parallelogram)

So, ∆APB ≅ ∆CQD (By AAS rule)

Hence, AP = CQ (By CPCT)
11. In Vertices and
are joined to vertices and respectively. Show that:
(i) quadrilateral is a parallelogram (ii) quadrilateral is a parallelogram
(iii) (iv) quadrilateral is a parallelogram
(v) (vi)
Given: In Vertices and are
joined to vertices and respectively.
To Prove: (i) quadrilateral is a parallelogram (ii) quadrilateral is a parallelogram
(iii) (iv) quadrilateral is a parallelogram
(v) (vi)
Proof: In quadrilateral

is a parallelogram.
{ A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite sides
is equal and parallel}
[Opposite sides of a parallelogram ]

[Opposite sides of a parallelogram ]

From and

Hence, quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

(Given)
(Given)
(Proved above)
(By SSS rule)
12. ABCD is a trapezium in which and . Show that:

[Hint: Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.]

Given: ABCD is a trapezium in which and

To Prove:

Construction: Draw
Proof: (Given) and (By construction)
is a parallelogram.

(Given)
From ,

Hence, part proved.

(Sum of interior angles on same side of transversal)
(Sum of interior angles on same side transversal)

Hence, part proved.

To Prove:
Construction: Draw AC and BD
In,

AB = BA (Common)
(Proved above)